E-commerce Discounts – Capital expenditure or revenue expense
Discounts by e-commerce companies have come under the tax net. E-commerce companies have been providing discounts to offer better prices to consumers and compete with established and other e-commerce players.
E-commerce discounts have been reclassified as capital expenditure instead of revenue expenses. This small change might not ring a alarm but, amongst e-commerce companies, it translates that the discount which was added to loss figures, will be removed and result in profits.
The Flipkart Discounts Case
An income tax panel refused to stay a demand of Rs 110 crore on Flipkart, India’s largest online retailing platform, after it was asked to reclassify discounts and marketing spend as capital expenditure. This may have implications for rival Amazon, which faces a similar liability, and others.
The Income Tax Appellate Tribunal (ITAT) in Bengaluru asked Flipkart to deposit Rs 55 crore and provide bank guarantees to the tune of Rs 55 crore by February 28.
E-commerce giants such as Flipkart and Amazon have approached the Commissioner of Income Tax (Appeals), Bengaluru, last month after an assessment order of last year asked them to reclassify marketing expenditure as capital expenditure.
Currently, companies categorise discounts and marketing costs as revenue expenses, while spending on factory construction is categorised as capital expenditure. If discounts are classified as capital expenditure, Flipkart, which otherwise incurs a loss, becomes a profit-making entity and liable to pay domestic taxes.
Taxi-hailing companies Uber and Ola follow a similar model of offering discounts to consumers, although there is no such tax demand on them.
The tax department, in its assessment order, has justified its stance by claiming that marketing costs for e-commerce companies constitute capital expenditure as they are creating intangibles that may aid future revenue.
If the tax department’s methodology is followed, e-commerce companies could turn profitable and be liable for tax in India. The assessment orders were passed last year and applied to all e-commerce companies.
What is Capital expenditure
Capital expenditure, or CapEx, are funds used by a company to acquire, upgrade, and maintain physical assets such as property, industrial buildings, or equipment. CapEx is often used to undertake new projects or investments by the firm. This type of financial outlay is also made by companies to maintain or increase the scope of their operations.
Capital expenditures can include everything from repairing a roof to building, to purchasing a piece of equipment, or building a brand new factory.
In terms of accounting, an expense is considered to be a capital expenditure when the asset is a newly purchased capital asset or an investment that improves the useful life of an existing capital asset. If an expense is a capital expenditure, it needs to be capitalized. This requires the company to spread the cost of the expenditure (the fixed cost) over the useful life of the asset. If, however, the expense is one that maintains the asset at its current condition, the cost is deducted fully in the year the expense is incurred.
What is Revenue Expenditure
A revenue expenditure is an amount that is expensed immediately—thereby being matched with revenues of the current accounting period. Routine repairs are revenue expenditures because they are charged directly to an account such as Repairs and Maintenance Expense. Even significant repairs that do not extend the life of the asset or do not improve the asset (the repairs merely return the asset back to its previous condition) are revenue expenditures.
Capital expenditure or a revenue expenditure
The difference between capital expenditures and revenue expenditures is essentially the same as the difference between capital expenditures and operating expenses.
Capital expenditures represent major investments of capital that a company makes to maintain or, more often, to expand its business and generate additional profits. Capital expenses are for the acquisition of long-term assets, such as facilities or manufacturing equipment. Because such assets provide income-generating value for a company for a period of years, companies are not allowed to deduct the full cost of the asset in the year the expense is incurred; they must recover the cost through year-by-year depreciation over the useful life of the asset. Companies often use debt financing or equity financing to cover the substantial costs involved in acquiring major assets for expanding their business.
Revenue expenses are shorter-term expenses required to meet the ongoing operational costs of running a business, and thus are essentially the same as operating expenses. Unlike capital expenditures, revenue expenses can be fully tax-deducted in the same year the expenses occur. In relation to the major asset purchases that qualify as capital expenditures, revenue expenditures include the ordinary repair and maintenance costs that are necessary to keep the asset in working order without substantially improving or extending the useful life of the asset. Revenue expenses related to existing assets include repairs and regular maintenance as well as repainting and renewal expenses. Revenue expenditures can be considered to be recurring expenses in contrast to the one-off nature of most capital expenditures.
The purpose of capital expenditures is commonly to expand a company’s ability to generate earnings, whereas revenue expenditures are more commonly for the purpose of maintaining a company’s ability to operate. Capital expenditures appear as an asset on a company’s balance sheet; revenue expenses are listed with liabilities.
ITAT vs Flipkart case details
The Petitioner raised the following contentions in support of the petition for stay of demand:
Firstly, although Section 246 of the Act, and Section 246A of the Act deal with appellable orders, neither of the sections impose any liability upon the assessee for depositing any amount before filing the appeals. The issue with regard to the amount to be deposited, and the power to stay the demand for depositing, was dealt with by the Circular Instruction No.1914, dated 2.2.1993 (`Circular No.1914’ for short). The Circular No.1914 deals with “Collection and Recovery of the Income Tax”. Instruction No.2-B of Circular No.1914 also deals with the “Stay Petitions”, which could be filed before the Assessing Officer, while an appeal is to be filed before the Appellate Authority. Instruction No.2-C of Circular No.1914 deals with the “Guidelines for staying the demand”.
According to the learned Senior Counsel, a decision in the matter of stay of demand shall normally be taken by the Assessing Officer, who is the immediate superior. However, a higher superior authority is empowered to interfere with the decision of the Assessing Officer in certain extraneous circumstances, namely if the assessment order appears to be “unreasonably high pitched”, or “where genuine hardship is likely to be caused to the assessee”. Moreover, according to Instruction No.2-C of Circular No.1914, certain guidelines have been provided by the said Circular, which clearly demarcate the circumstances in which the stay can be granted.
Secondly, the Circular No.1914 was partially modified by the Circular dated 29.2.2016. However, the Circular No.1914 was never superceded, in toto, by the subsequent Circular dated 29.2.2016. The partial modification merely relates to streamlining the process of granting stay, and for standardising the quantum of lumpsum payment required to be made by the assessee as a pre-condition for stay of disputed demand before the CIT (A). Furthermore, according to the learned Senior Counsel, while Instruction No.4(A) in Circular dated 29.2.2016 seems to prescribe the minimum percentage that would be required to be deposited by the assessee as 15% of the disputed demand, but Instruction Nos.4(B)(a), and 4(B)(b) sufficient discretionary power to either ask for a higher amount than 15%, or a lower amount than 15%, respectively.
The discretion is bestowed upon the Assessing Officer. But, in case the Assessing Officer were to demand less than 15%, he is required to seek the permission from the Prl. CIT. Moreover, according to Instruction No.4(C) of the said Circular, in case the assessee is aggrieved by the fact that the Assessing Officer has stayed the demand of 15% of the disputed demand should be deposited, but the assessee is still aggrieved, then the assessee would be free to approach the Prl. CIT for reviewing the decision of the Assessing Officer.
Thirdly, in the present case, by order dated 23.11.2016, the Assessing Officer had directed the petitioner to deposit 15% of the disputed demand amount for the Assessment Year 2014-15, and for the Assessment Year 2015-16, despite the request of the petitioner that less than 15% of the disputed demand amount should be required from the petitioner. Since the petitioner was aggrieved by both the orders dated 23.11.2016, the petitioner had approached the Prl. CIT. However, without examining the inter-relationship between Circular No.1914, and the Circular dated 29.2.2016, the Prl. CIT has dismissed the petition filed by the petitioner.
According to the learned Senior Counsel, although the process for granting of stay was streamlined, and standardized by Circular dated 29.2.2016, but it could not mean that Instruction No.2-B(iii) contained in Circular No.1914, namely dealing with the situation of “unreasonably highpitched”, or dealing with the situation of “genuine hardship caused to the assessee”, was erased by the Circular dated 29.2.2016. Therefore, both these factors should have been considered by both, the Assessing Officer, as well as by the Prl. CIT.
Fourthly, in the orders dated 23.11.2016, the Assessing Officer has opined that “no case of hardship exist”, the said opinion is merely a conclusion, which unsupported by any reason. Therefore, this part of the impugned orders dated 23.11.2016 is a non-speaking order. Lastly, even the order dated 25.1.2017 is legally unsustainable. For, the learned Prl. CIT has failed to see the inter-relationship between the two Circulars mentioned above. Further, the learned Prl. CIT has relied upon a judgment of this Court in the case of M/s.Teleradiology Solutions Pvt. Ltd., v. DCIT Circle-12(4) & Others (Writ Petition NO.26370/2015, decided by this Court on 18.04.2016). But, the said judgment does not deal with the issue which was raised before the Prl. CIT. Hence, the impugned orders deserve to be interfered with by this Court.
HELD by the High Court allowing the petition
(i) Undoubtedly, the present case raises the issue of balancing the interest of the Revenue, and the interest of an assessee. Needless to say, the Revenue does have the right to realise the assessed income tax amount from the assessee. However, while trying to realise the said amount, the Revenue cannot be permitted, and has not been permitted by the Circulars mentioned above, to act like a Shylock. It is precisely to balance the conflicting interests that certain guidelines have been prescribed by Circular No.1914, and Circular dated 29.2.2016.
(ii) The Circular dated 29.2.2016 clearly states that the circular is “in partial modification of Instruction No.1914”. Therefore, the Circular dated 29.2.2016 does not supersede the Circular No.1914 in toto, but merely “partially modifies” the instructions contained in Circular No.1914.
(iii) A comparative perusal of both the Circulars clearly reveal that Circular No.1914 deals with collection and recovery of the income tax, broadly divided into four parts: firstly responsibility of the collection and recovery; secondly, the stay petitions; thirdly, the guidelines for staying the demand; fourthly, the miscellaneous provisions. In the second part, namely the part dealing with the stay petitions, the relevant portion of said part, marked as Instruction No.2-B(iii) is as under :
“2-B (iii) :- The decision in the matter of stay of demand should normally be taken by Assessing Officer/TRO and his immediate superior. A higher superior authority should interfere with the decision of the AO/TRO only in exceptional circumstances e.g. where the assessment order appears to be unreasonably high pitched or where genuine hardship is likely to be caused to the assessee. The higher authorities should discourage the assessee from filing review petitions before them as a matter of routine or in a frivolous manner to gain time for withholding payment of taxes.”
(iv) The third part, marked as `2-C’, deals with “Guidelines for staying the demand”. This part stipulates the conditions under which the demand can be stayed; it also deals with certain conditions which the Assessing Officer is free to impose upon the assessee.
(v) However, interestingly, the Circular No.1914 does not standardize the quantum of lumpsum payment required to be made by the assessee, as a pre-condition of stay of disputed demand before CIT (A). Since the Circular No.1914 is silent on this aspect, the vacuum has been filled up by Circular dated 29.2.2016. The relevant extract of Circular dated 29.2.2016 is as under:
“4. In order to streamline the process of grant of stay and standardize the quantum of lump sum payment required to be made by the assessee as a pre-condition for stay of demand disputed before CIT (A), the following modified guidelines are being issued in partial modification of Instruction No.1914:
(A) In a case where the outstanding demand is disputed before CIT (A), the assessing officer shall grant stay of demand till disposal of first appeal on payment of 15% of the disputed demand, unless the case falls in the category discussed in para (B) hereunder.
(B) In a situation where, (a) the assessing officer is of the view that the nature of addition resulting in the disputed demand is such that payment of a lump sum amount higher than 15% is warranted (e.g. in a case where addition on the same issue has been confirmed by appellate authorities in earlier years or the decision of the Supreme Court or jurisdictional High Court is in favour of Revenue or addition is based on credible evidence collected in a search or survey operation, etc.) or, (b) the assessing officer is of the view that the nature of addition resulting in the disputed demand is such that payment of a lump sum amount lower than 15% is warranted (e.g. in a case where addition on the same issue has been deleted by appellate authorities in earlier years or the decision of the Supreme Court or jurisdictional High Court is in favour of the assessee, etc.), the assessing officer shall refer the matter to the administrative Pr.CIT/CIT, who after considering all relevant facts shall decide the quantum/proportion of demand to be paid by the assessee as lump sum payment for granting a stay of the balance demand.
(C) In a case where stay of demand is granted by the assessing officer on payment of 15% of the disputed demand and the assessee is still aggrieved, he may approach the jurisdictional administrative Pr.CIT/CIT for a review of the decision of the assessing officer.
(D) The assessing officer shall dispose of a stay petition within 2 weeks of filing of the petition. If a reference has been made to Pr.CIT/CIT under para 4 (B) above or a review petition has been filed by the assessee under para 4 (C) above, the same http://www.itatonline.org 16 shall also be disposed of by the Pr.CIT/CIT within 2 weeks of the assessing officer making such reference or the assessee filing such review, as the case may be.
(E) In granting stay, the Assessing Officer may impose such conditions as he may think fit. He may, inter alia,- (i) require an undertaking from the assessee that he will cooperate in the early disposal of appeal failing which the stay order will be cancelled; (ii) reserve the right review the order passed after expiry of reasonable period (say 6 months) or if the assessee has not co-operated in the early disposal of appeal, or where a subsequent pronouncement by a higher appellate authority or Court alters the above situations; (iii) reserve the right to adjust refunds arising, if any, against the demand, to the extent of the amount required for granting stay and subject to the provisions of section 245.”
(vi) Instruction No.4 uses the words “partial modification of Instruction No. 1914”. Thus, obviously Circular dated 29.2.2016 has left Instruction No.2-B(iii) contained in Circular No.1914 absolutely untouched. In fact, Circular dated 29.2.2016 merely prescribed the percentage of the disputed demand that needs to be deposited by the assessee.
(vii) According to Instruction No.4(A) of Circular dated 29.2.2016, it is a general rule, that 15% of the disputed demand should be asked to be deposited. But, according to Instruction No.4(B)(a) of the Circular dated 29.2.2016, the demand can be increased to more than 15%; according to Instruction No.4(B)(b) of the Circular dated 29.2.2016, the percentage can be lower than 15%, provided the permission of the Prl. CIT is sought by the Assessing Officer. However, in case the Assessing Officer does not seek the permission from the Prl.CIT, and in case the assessee is aggrieved by the demand of 15% to be deposited, the assessee is free to independently approach the Prl. CIT. The assessee would be free to request the Prl. CIT to make the percentage of disputed demand amount to be less than 15%.
(viii) It is true that Instruction No.4 (B)(b) of the Circular dated 29.2.2016, gives two instances where less than 15% can be asked to be deposited. However, it is equally true that the factors, which were directed to be kept in mind both by the Assessing Officer, and by the higher superior authority, contained in Instruction No.2-B(iii) of Circular No.1914, still continue to exist. For, as noted above, the said part of Circular No.1914 has been left untouched by the Circular dated 29.2.2016. Therefore, while dealing with an application filed by an assessee, both the Assessing Officer, and the Prl. CIT, are required to see if the assessee’s case would fall under Instruction No.2-B(iii) of Circular No.1914, or not? Both the Assessing Officer, and the Prl. CIT, are required to examine whether the assessment is “unreasonably high pitched”, or whether the demand for depositing 15% of the disputed demand amount “would lead to a genuine hardship being caused to the assessee” or not?
(viii) A bare perusal of the two orders, both dated 23.11.2016, Annexures-`A’ and `B’, clearly reveal that the Assessing Officer has relied upon Instruction No.4(B)(b) of the Circular dated 29.2.2016, and has concluded that since the petitioner’s case does not fall within the two illustrations given therein, therefore, it is not entitled to seek the relief that less than 15% should be demanded to be deposited by it. Moreover, the Assessing Officer has jumped to the conclusion that the petitioner’s finances do not indicate any hardship in this case. However, the Assessing Officer has not given a single reason for drawing the said conclusion. Since the petitioner has been constantly claiming that it has suffered loss from the very inception of its business, from 2011 to 2016, the least that the Assessing Officer was required to do was to elaborately discuss as to whether “genuine hardship” would be caused to the petitioner in case the petitioner were directed to pay 15% of the disputed demand amount or not? Yet the Assessing Officer has failed to do so. Therefore, this part of the order, naturally, suffers from being a non-speaking order. Hence, the said orders are legally unsustainable.
(ix) A bare perusal of the order dated 25.1.2017 also reveals that the Prl. CIT has failed to appreciate the co-relation between Circular No.1914, and Circular dated 29.2.2016. The Prl. CIT has failed to notice the fact that the latter Circular has only “partially modified” the former Circular, and has not totally superceded it. The Prl. CIT has also ignored the fact that Instruction No.2-B(iii) contained in Circular No.1914 continues to exist independently of and in spite of the Circular dated 29.2.2016. Therefore, it has failed to consider the issue whether the assessment orders suffers from being “unreasonably high pitched”, or whether “any genuine hardship would be caused to the assessee” in case the assessee were required to deposit 15% of the disputed demand amount or not? Thus, the Prl. CIT has failed to apply the two important factors mentioned in Circular No.1914.
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