REFERENCE MODELS IN COMPUTER NETWORK

There are two important network architectures , they are the OSI reference model and the TCP/IP reference model.

The OSI Reference Model:-

This model is based on a proposal developed by the International Standards Organization (ISO) as a first step towards international standardization of protocols.

Thus this model is called the ISO OSI Reference Model, where OSI stands for open system Interconnection as it deals with connecting open systems i.e. systems open to communication with other systems.

It has following 7 layers:-

1. The physical layer
2. The data link layer
3. The network layer
4. The transport layer
5. The session layer
6. The presentation layer
7. The application layer

 The TCP/IP Reference Model:-  

This model is used in the ARPANET and its successor, the worldwide internet.

The goal of this architecture is to connect multiple networks in a seamless way. Thus after its two primary protocols this architecture was later known as TCP/IP reference model. Another major goal was that network be able to survive loss of subnet hardware, with existing conversations not being broken off.

It has following 4 layers:-

a) The Internet Layer

b) The Transport Layer

c) The Application Layer

d) The Host-to-network Layer.

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