For students and working professionals, this shift creates a new career opportunity. A green job can mean working as a solar technician, EV engineer, ESG analyst, sustainability consultant, waste management specialist, climate finance professional, or environmental data analyst. These roles may look very different from each other, but they are connected by one common goal: helping businesses and economies grow in a cleaner, more resource-efficient, and more sustainable way.

In India, the green jobs market is especially important because the country is balancing two major goals at the same time. On one hand, India needs rapid economic growth, more infrastructure, better industries, and more employment opportunities. On the other hand, it also needs cleaner air, better waste systems, energy security, climate-resilient cities, and lower dependence on fossil fuels. This is where green careers become important. They are not just about protecting the environment; they are also about building the future of work.

What are Green Jobs?

Green jobs are jobs that help protect the environment, reduce pollution, save energy, or support a more sustainable economy. These jobs may directly involve the environment, such as working in solar energy or waste management, or they may support businesses in becoming more climate-friendly, such as ESG reporting, carbon accounting, or sustainable supply chain management.

In simple words, a green job is any job that helps reduce the negative impact of human activity on the planet. For example, a solar panel installer helps people and businesses use clean energy. An EV technician supports the shift from petrol and diesel vehicles to electric mobility. An ESG analyst helps companies measure their environmental and social performance. A waste management professional helps cities and companies recycle more and reduce landfill waste. Green jobs are also not limited to one type of qualification. Some roles require engineering or technical training, while others need knowledge of finance, policy, data, business, or communication. This is why the green job market is becoming attractive for students from different educational backgrounds.

A useful way to understand green jobs is through the table below:

This makes green jobs a broad career category rather than a single profession. The right path depends on your education, interests, and the kind of work you want to do. For someone who likes machines and fieldwork, renewable energy or EV roles may be suitable. For someone who enjoys research, data, and business reporting, ESG, climate finance, or environmental analytics may be a better fit.

Top Green Sectors Hiring in India in 2026

Green jobs in India are growing across many sectors, but some areas are likely to offer stronger opportunities in 2026 because they are linked to policy support, private investment, new technology, and rising business demand. These sectors are not only creating technical jobs, but also roles in project management, finance, research, sales, consulting, compliance, and data analysis.

Among these, renewable energy and electric vehicles are expected to remain two of the most visible green career sectors in India. Solar parks, rooftop solar, wind energy, storage systems, EV batteries, charging stations, and clean mobility solutions are creating demand for both skilled technicians and specialized professionals.

At the same time, ESG and sustainability roles are becoming important for non-engineering students. Companies are increasingly expected to track their carbon emissions, energy use, waste generation, labour practices, and supply chain impact. This has created demand for people who can understand business, data, sustainability frameworks, and reporting standards. Climate finance is another promising area. As India needs large investments for clean energy, resilient infrastructure, and low-carbon industries, financial institutions will need professionals who can evaluate green projects, assess risks, and understand sustainable investment opportunities.

So, green jobs in 2026 should not be seen as one narrow career path. They are spread across India’s energy transition, manufacturing shift, urban development, financial system, and startup ecosystem. This means students and professionals can enter the green economy from different backgrounds, depending on their skills and interests.

Top Green Jobs in India in 2026

The green job market in India is not limited to one type of role. Some jobs are technical and require engineering, ITI, diploma, or science backgrounds. Others are more suitable for commerce, economics, management, finance, public policy, architecture, or data analytics students. This makes green careers flexible and accessible for different kinds of learners.

Here are some of the top green jobs to watch in India in 2026:

One of the most popular career options in this space is ESG analysis. Many companies now need professionals who can prepare sustainability reports, collect emissions data, understand ESG frameworks, and communicate performance to investors or regulators. This makes ESG a good option for students from commerce, economics, finance, management, or public policy backgrounds.

• For technical students, renewable energy, EVs, battery technology, and energy auditing are strong options. These roles are likely to grow as India expands clean energy projects, builds EV infrastructure, and improves energy efficiency in industries and buildings.
• For students who enjoy research and numbers, climate risk analysis, environmental data analytics, and carbon accounting can be strong career choices. These jobs require analytical thinking, data handling, and an understanding of how climate issues affect business and policy decisions.

The best part about green jobs is that they are not restricted to one industry. A sustainability professional can work in a consulting firm, manufacturing company, bank, startup, real estate firm, energy company, government project, or international development organisation. This makes green careers both future-oriented and highly cross-sectoral.

Skills Needed for Green Jobs in India

To build a career in green jobs, you do not always need a specialized environmental degree. What matters more is whether you understand the sector, can work with sustainability-related data, and can apply the right technical or business skills to real-world problems. Since green jobs are spread across energy, finance, construction, mobility, consulting, and technology, the skill requirements also differ from one role to another.

A student who wants to enter solar energy or EVs will need more technical skills. A student interested in ESG, climate finance, or sustainability consulting will need stronger analytical, reporting, and business skills. This makes it important to choose your career direction first and then build the right skill set.

• For beginners, Excel and report writing are two of the most useful starting skills. Many green jobs, especially in ESG and sustainability, involve collecting data, cleaning it, preparing tables, tracking indicators, and writing clear reports. If you can combine basic sustainability knowledge with good data handling and communication skills, you can become suitable for entry-level roles faster.
• For technical roles, practical exposure matters a lot. For example, solar and EV jobs often require hands-on understanding of equipment, installation, maintenance, testing, and safety standards. This is why ITI courses, diploma programmes, apprenticeships, and short-term technical certifications can be very useful.
• For non-technical roles, the most important skill is the ability to connect sustainability with business decisions. Companies do not only want people who understand climate change in theory. They need professionals who can answer practical questions: How much energy is the company using? Where are emissions coming from? How can costs be reduced? What should be reported to investors? What risks can climate change create for the business?

So, the best way to prepare for green jobs is to build a combination of three things: sector knowledge, practical skills, and communication ability. This combination will help you stand out whether you are applying for a technical role, an analyst role, or a consulting position.

How to Start a Career in Green Jobs?

Starting a career in green jobs can feel confusing because the field is very broad. One person may enter through solar energy, another through ESG reporting, another through electric vehicles, and someone else through climate finance or data analytics. The best approach is not to try everything at once. Instead, choose one green career track and then build skills, projects, and experience around that track.

Here is a simple step-by-step roadmap for beginners:

• For students from technical backgrounds, the easiest entry points may be solar energy, electric vehicles, battery systems, energy auditing, and green buildings. These areas value practical training, field exposure, and knowledge of equipment, installation, safety, maintenance, and project execution. A diploma, ITI, or engineering background can be useful here, especially when combined with internships or apprenticeships.
• For students from commerce, economics, finance, management, or public policy backgrounds, ESG, sustainability consulting, climate finance, carbon accounting, and climate risk analysis can be better entry points. These roles require strong research, data handling, business understanding, and report-writing skills. Even a simple project, such as preparing an ESG profile of a listed company or calculating the carbon footprint of a small business activity, can help show practical interest.
• Beginners should also avoid depending only on certificates. A certificate can help, but it is stronger when combined with visible work. For example, instead of only writing “completed ESG course” on your resume, you can add a small ESG dashboard, a sustainability report summary, or a carbon emissions calculation project. This shows recruiters that you can apply what you have learned.

The most important thing is to start small but stay consistent. Green careers are still developing in India, which means employers often look for people who are curious, adaptable, and willing to learn. If you can show that you understand the sector and have built even one or two practical projects, you can make your profile much stronger for green job opportunities in 2026.

Green Jobs are Not Just for Environmental Experts

Green jobs in India are no longer a small career category meant only for environmental science students. They are now becoming part of some of the fastest-growing sectors, including renewable energy, electric vehicles, ESG reporting, climate finance, green buildings, waste management, and sustainability consulting. This means students and professionals from many backgrounds can find a place in the green economy.

For engineering and technical students, opportunities are growing in solar energy, wind power, EV maintenance, battery systems, energy auditing, and green building design. For commerce, economics, management, finance, and public policy students, roles in ESG analysis, carbon accounting, climate risk, sustainable finance, and sustainability consulting are becoming more relevant. For data-focused learners, environmental analytics, emissions tracking, climate dashboards, and sustainability reporting can open new career paths.

The most important step is to choose a clear direction and begin building practical skills. A beginner does not need to know everything about climate change or sustainability from day one. Starting with one field, one tool, and one project is enough to move forward. For example, you can begin with an ESG analysis of a company, a basic carbon footprint calculation, a solar feasibility report, or a Power BI dashboard on renewable energy data.

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Discussing 10 Best Clean Renewable Energy Certification and Online Courses 2022

The web is filled with numerous courses but choosing the right one which suits your requirement is quite a difficult task. Keeping all these aspects in mind, one of the most vital steps is to choose the correct path right from the beginning to reach your end goal of expertizing this career path. Therefore, we are here to help all beginners as well as professionals with the correct and trustworthy information from all over the internet and provide you with the best courses options to choose from.

Let’s begin with 10 Best Clean Renewable Energy Certification and Online Courses 2022

1. Vskills Certified Clean Energy Professional

Vskills is a government-certified body that provides various online certifications all over the world. The best part about choosing Vskills is that the certificate adds value to your resume and overall profile. Learners who took this certification feel the difference in the number of career opportunities they received after completing the certification successfully. Moreover, the Clean Energy Professional Certification will introduce students to the culmination of energy, which includes climate change, energy resources, energy utilization, environmental aspects, solar radiation basics, different forms of clean energy, fuel cells, Closed Rankin Cycle, bio-diesel, ethanol, Gibbs-Helmholtz Equation, hydrogen energy, and hybrid energy systems. The course also claims that it discusses the necessity of implementing and managing clean energy initiatives along with energy production and utilization.

Course outline:

• Solar Thermal Energy Collectors
• Solar Thermal Energy
• Wind Energy Farms
• Solar Photovoltaic System
• Wind Energy
• Small Hydropower
• Geothermal Energy
• Ocean Energy
• Biomass Energy
• Fuel Cells
• Hydrogen Energy
• Hybrid Energy Systems
• Environment,Energy And Global Climate Change

Reasons to take this course:

• To begin with, Vskills is a Government Certified body that adds value to your CV itself.
• The Certification is valid throughout your life.
• No prerequisites required.
• Both Professionals as well as begineers can take this course without any second thought.
• Candidates get tagged as ‘Vskills Certified’ On Monsterindia.com and  ‘Vskills Certified’ On Shine Shine.com for better job opportunities.
• This course is available online including online learning material and hard copy at your door steps.
• You can take your exam on any date and time of your convenience.
• 15 fruitfull Learning hours.

More Details:

Duration of course: 15 hours

Rating: 5 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

2. Sustainable Energy MicroMaster Certification by The University of Queensland (edX)

It is quite evident that this course is offered by one of the most reputed institution of all time, that is, the University of Queensland in association with edX. edX is also one of the most famous education platform where you can take up online courses and develop skills required to boost your career goals. This course claims that it will help you build better understand the principles of risk management and sustainability. After successful completion, you will receive a verified certificate in all four courses.

Course outline:

• Energy Principles and renewable energy
• Climate science and policy
• Energu and Development
• Low emission Technologies and Supply systems
• Sustainable energy Capstone assessment

Reasons to take this course:

• Understand how to handle the different transitioning challenges to a low carbon system.
• Most suitable for all those who want to become an energy leader of the future.
• Get certificate from the University of Queensland.

More Details:

Duration of course: self-paced

Rating: 4.8 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

3. Wind Energy by Technical University of Denmark (DTU) (Coursera)

Coursera is also one of the most extensive online learning platform that collaborate with various prestigious foundations following their well-known specialists to develop best courses that can be taken from anywhere in the world. This course is prepared by Henrik Bredmose, associate professor at Technical University of Denmark (DTU). The best part of this course is that the instructor is has extensive experience in the hydrodynamics of water waves. This course will give you general information about wind energy. If you are interested to pursue a career in wind energy technology, you must enroll in this course. Moreover, the course covers various areas such as business, electrical engineering, and mechanical engineering.

Course outline:

• About this course
• Introduction to wind energy
• Wind resources
• Test and measurements
• Economy
• Wind turbine technology
• Aerodynamics
• Materials
• Structural mechanics
• Electrical systems

Reasons to take this course:

• This course is offered by Henrik Bredmose, associate professor at Technical University of Denmark (DTU).
• Financial aid to students who cannot afford the cost of the course.
• Learn to achieve specialization in the field.

More Details:

Duration of course: 36 hours

Rating: 4.7 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

4. Introduction to Sustainable Energy (MIT)

This is an undergraduate/graduate level course offered by the world’s top ranking university, that is, MIT. The course is taught by the best professionals such as Prof. Michael Golay, Dr. John C. Wright, Prof. William Green Jr. and Randall Field. If you are a student, you can register for this course. The course provide you with a quantitative framework. It also supports you in analyzing and evaluating proposals for energy technology systems. Moreover, learning from such a prestigious institution will definitely boost your resume as well as your career with better and great employeement opportunities and earning scale.

Course outline:

• Combustion
• Electricity
• Fossil Fuels
• Nuclear
• Renewables
• Transportation
• Technology
• Earth Science > Sustainability
• Public Administration > Science and Technology Policy
• Electrical Engineering > Electric Power

Reasons to take this course:

• The course includes 8 problem sets
• Easily download course material through online
• Easy to understand video and audio lectures
• Learn from the top ranking university

More Details:

Duration of course: Varies

Rating: 4.6 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

5. MA in Sustainable Energy Program (Johns Hopkins)

This Master level course is offered by the reputed Johns Hopkins university School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). This program is designed for professionals who want to help shape the future of renewable energy. Students in the sustainable energy master’s degree program learn from specialists at the vanguard of their fields. As enthusiastic researchers and practitioners with decades of energy sector exposure. Johns Hopkins professors bring their real-world research use cases to the classroom. If you are looking for an advance course, this is the best.

Reasons to take this course:

• Offered by the reputed Johns Hopkins university.
• Advances and challenges in sustainable energy.
• Get an overview of the most important sustainable energy governance.

More Details:

Duration of course: Varies

Rating: 4.6 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

6. Certificates of Solar Energy Engineering (Fraunhofer)

The Fraunhofer Academy major objective is to handle new technology and new techniques as an essential part of the innovation process. Students can take this exam from anywhere in the world. Moreover, you earn a shared degree from two prestigious institutions namely, the University of Freiburg and the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE. Also, you can gain specialization in a demanding topic of solar energy to expand your expertise and increase your career opportunities.

Courses available:

• To begin with, Certificate of Advanced Studies Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems
• Certificate of Advanced Studies Technology
• Certificate of Advanced Studies Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaics
• Then, Certificate of Advanced Studies Solar Cell Characterization and Modelling
• Certificate of Advanced Studies CAS PG – Photovoltaics and The Renewable Energy Grid
• Certificate of Advanced Studies CAS ST – Advanced Solar Cell Technologies
• Lastly, Certificate modules

Reasons to take this course:

• Get to choose from a wide range of online courses from prestigious institution.
• Earn a joint degree from two prestigious institutions: the University of Freiburg and the Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE.

More Details:

Duration of course: 6-12 months

Rating: 4.3 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

7. Certified Expert in Climate & Renewable Energy Finance (Frankfurt School)

This is an e-learning course that is developed and implemented jointly with the Frankfurt School. This course can be taken by both the beginners as well as professionals like entrepreneurs, project developers, private investors, initiator/fund houses, international development finance consultants and managers. The course claims that you will learn to understand climate change and the various fields of investments resulting from climate policy. You will also be introduced to the key parameters of financing and structuring RE projects as well as learn how to apply them by setting up and using an excel-based cash flow model for a RE project.

Course outline:

• Introduction
• Overview on Climate Finance
• Basics of Finance and Investment
• The Role of Regulation and Support Frameworks
• Business Models for Renewable Energy
• Technical Knowledge on RE Technologies and Electricity Markets
• The Universe of Climate and RE Investors
• Financing Structures, Financial Instruments and Donor Interventions for RE Projects
• Applying Knowledge in Practice: Financial Modelling
• Excursus – Financing for Energy Efficiency

Reasons to take this course:

• Understand the different perspectives on financing climate and RE projects.
• Both beginners and professionals can take this course.
• Get personalized support from your e-Campus Team.
• Earn the certificate after passing the final exam or a confirmation of course completion after completing the course.

More Details:

Duration of course: 6 months

Rating: 4.5 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

8. Renewable Energy: Achieving Sustainability through Bioenergy (FutureLearn)

This course is offered by the University of Leeds, prepared by Prof. Jon Lovett. This is a skills-based course that will allow you to put the knowledge into practice that you’ve acquired by carrying a useful study for introducing bioenergy technologies into a small community. The course is meant for anyone interested in renewable energy, bioenergy, and achieving sustainable energy solutions. Moreover, you will also use tools and gather technical information to develop your expertise and explore the topic further. The course claim that you will learn how solar energy converts inorganic matter into biomass and the origins of fossil fuel. You’ll also study how biomass can be converted into clean energy using different technologies.

Course outline:

• Week 1: Plant Power
• Week 2: Investigating biogas and gasification

Reasons to take this course:

• This course is offered by the University of Leeds, prepared by Prof. Jon Lovett.
• Explore some of the basic principles about bioenergy.
• Develop practical skills on integrated renewable energy.
• You will also get to use tools and gather technical information.

More Details:

Duration of course: 2 weeks

Rating: 4 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

9. Financial modeling | Renewable Energy: Solar & Wind (Udemy)

Udemy is also one of the most famous online education platforms where you can find masses of courses from the best instructors all over the world. The Financial modeling | Renewable Energy: Solar & Wind course is designed to give the fundamentals of a power plants’ business, and their key value drivers. The prerequisites for this course include knowledge on how to build basic 3-statement model in Excel and how to use the index-match combination in Excel. You also get to learn, how build a financial model for solar plants and wind plants.

Course outline:

• Introduction
• Risks and fundamentals of renewable energy plants
• Building a buyout model for a renewable energy plant
• Learning how to use the model in real-life.

Reasons to take this course:

• Contionus support and motivation from the instructor.
• Complete learning hours with quizes, practice papers.
• Get Full lifetime access.
• Get Certificate of completion.

More Details:

Duration of course: 2 hours

Rating: 4.5 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

10. Exploring Engineering (Canvas.net)

This course is offered by Brown University, specially prepared by Prof. Thomas Webster and Karen Haberstroh. This is a pre-college course, so beginners can take this course without any second thought. After joining this course, you will attain an understanding of the numerous fields of engineering and examine the engineering design process, you will learn conceptual design and optimal choice evaluation as well as project construction. Moreover, this is an introductory course that is open to all but specifically intended for high-school students. The course will be focusing on engineering fields, including materials engineering, biomedical engineering, and renewable energy. Also, you should note that you won’t be provided with any certification and there is no final exam since it is a pre-college course.

Course outline:

• Course Introduction
• Meet Engineers
• Design and Sketch
• CAD Fun
• Build a Prototype
• Test Prototype
• Reflect
• Submit Review
• Roadmap Your Career
• Course Conclusion

Reasons to take this course:

• The course is offered by the professors of Brown University.
• You do not need to purchase any texts or materials for this course.
• Beginners level course

More Details:

Duration of course: 2 weeks

Rating: 3.8 out of 5

Click here to Sign up

We hope your have found your ideal course and will kick start your career in Clean Renewable Energy field. We have tried our best to provide you with the best resources and wish you all the best for your future and career. Happy Learning!

The post 10 Best Clean Renewable Energy Certification and Online Courses 2022 appeared first on Vskills Blog.

Bio-medical Waste

Introduction:

In order to clean the waste in their surroundings they pick it up and throw it. What if the waste you touch is hazardous or radioactive? Yes it can be true, I am talking about bio-medical waste which can be both and can harm you in many ways.

‘Bio-medical waste’ means “Any waste generated during diagnosis, treatment or immunization of human beings or animals”. Biomedical waste is something that you can easily found in your surroundings.  Biomedical waste can be categorized based on the risk of causing injury and/or infection during handling and disposal. Wastes targeted for precautions during handling and disposal include sharps (needles or scalpel blades), pathological wastes (anatomical body parts, microbiology cultures and blood samples) and infectious wastes (items contaminated with body fluids and discharges such as dressing, catheters and I.V. lines). Other wastes generated in healthcare settings include radioactive wastes, mercury containing instruments and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastics. These are among the most environmentally sensitive by-products of healthcare. WHO stated that 85% of hospital wastes are actually non-hazardous, around 10% are infectious and around 5% are non-infectious but hazardous wastes. In the USA, about 15% of hospital waste is regulated as infectious waste. In India this could range from 15% to 35% depending on the total amount of waste generated. The management of bio-medical waste is still in its infancy all over the world. There is a lot of confusion with the problems among the generators, operators, decision-makers and the general community about the safe management of bio-medical waste. The reason may be a lack of awareness. Hence resource material on the environment for hospital administrators, surgeons, doctors, nurses, paramedical staff and waste retrievers, is the need of the hour.

BODY:

The improper management in bio-medical waste causes stern environmental problems that causes to air, water and land pollution. The pollutants that cause damage can be classified into biological, chemical and radioactive. There are several legislations and guidelines in India concerning environmental problems, which can be addressed.

Air pollution can be caused in both indoors and outdoors atmosphere. Biomedical waste that generated by air pollution are been classified in three types namely-Biological, Chemical and radioactive.

In-door air pollution Pathogens present in the waste can enter and remain in the air for a long period in the form of spores or as pathogens Segregation of waste, pre-treatment at source etc., can also reduce this problem to a great extent. Sterilizing the rooms will also help in checking the indoor air pollution due to biological. The indoor air pollution caused due to the chemicals from poor ventilation can cause diseases like Sick Building Syndrome (SBS). Proper building design and well-maintained air conditioners can reduce the SBS. Chemicals should be utilized as per prescribed norms. Over use of chemicals should be avoided.

Outdoor air pollution can be caused by pathogens. The biomedical waste without pre-treatment if transported outside the institution, or if it is dumped in open areas, pathogens can enter into the atmosphere. Chemical pollutants that cause outdoor air pollution have two major sources-open burning and incinerators. Open burning of bio-medical waste is the most harmful practice. When inhaled can cause respiratory diseases. Certain organic gases such as dioxins and furans are carcinogenic. The design parameters and maintenance of such treatment and disposal technology should be as per the prescribed standards.

Radioactive emissions Research and radio-immunoassay activities may generate small quantities of radioactive gas. Gaseous radioactive material should be evacuated directly to the outside. The use of such device requires maintenance of the trap and monitoring of the off-gas.

Water Pollution The liquid waste generated when let into sewers can also lead to water pollution if not treated properly. Water pollution can alter parameters such as pH, BOD, DO, COD, etc. There are instances where dioxins are reported from water bodies near incinerator plants. Dioxins enter the water body from the air.

Radioactive waste in liquid form can come from chemical or biological research, from body organ imaging, from decontamination of radioactive spills, from patient’s urine and from scintillation liquids used in radioimmunoassay. Under normal circumstances, urine and faeces can be handled as no radioactive waste so long as the patient’s room is routinely monitored for radioactive contamination.

Land Pollution Soil pollution from bio-medical waste is caused due to infectious waste, discarded medicines, chemicals used in treatment and ash and other waste generated during treatment processes. Heavy metals such as cadmium, lead, mercury etc., which are present in the waste will get absorbed by plants and can then enter the food chain. Nitrates and phosphates present in leachates from landfills are also pollutants. Excessive amounts of trace nutrient elements and other elements including heavy metals in soil are harmful to crops and are also harmful to animals and human beings.

Health hazards According to the WHO, the global life expectancy is increasing year after year. However, deaths due to infectious disease are increasing. A study conducted by the WHO in 1996, reveals that more than 50,000 people die everyday from infectious diseases. One of major causes for the increase in infectious diseases is improper waste management. List of infections and diseases documented to have spread through bio-medical waste. Tuberculosis, pneumonia, diarrhea , tetanus, whooping cough etc., are other common diseases spread due to improper waste management.

Occupational health concerns exist for janitorial and laundry workers, nurses, emergency medical personnel, and refuse workers. Injuries from sharps and exposure to harmful chemical waste and radioactive waste also cause health hazards to employees in institutions generating bio-medical waste. Proper management of waste can solve the problem of occupational hazards to a large extent.

The general public’s health can also be adversely affected by bio-medical waste. Improper practices such as dumping of bio-medical waste in municipal dustbins, open spaces, water bodies etc., leads to the spread of diseases. Emissions from incinerators and open burning also lead to exposure to harmful gases which can cause cancer and respiratory diseases. Plastic waste can choke animals, which scavenge on openly dumped waste. Injuries from sharps are common feature-affecting animals. Harmful chemicals such as dioxins and furans can cause serious health hazards to animals and birds. Certain heavy metals can affect the reproductive health of the animals.

The Environment Protection Act, 1986

This act made various rules and guidelines under sections 6, 8 & 25. Based on this the Biomedical wastes (management & handling) Rules, 1998 was formulated. Of this, Sec. 3: Facilitates Government authority to undertake various steps for protection and improvement of environment Sec. 5: Provides for issuance of direction in writing Sec. 6: empowers the governments to make rules Sec. 8: Education of individuals dealing with hazardous waste regarding safety measures Sec. 10: Permits authorities to enter the premises and inspect

Sec. 15: Government can take steps against defaulters Sec. 17: Punishment in case of violations by government departments

Biomedical waste (Management & Handling) Rules 1998

In accordance with this rules, it is the duty of every “occupier” i.e., a personwho has the control over the institution or its premises, to take all steps to ensure that waste generated is handled without any adverse effect to human health and environment. The hospitals have to set up their own facilities within the time frame (Schedule VI) or ensure the medical waste treatment at a common waste treatment facility.

The state governments shall require establishing a prescribed authority for this purpose.

The objectives and rationale of BMW management are mainly to reduce waste generation, efficient collection, handling and disposal in such a way that it controls infection and provides safety for employees working in the system and ensure cost effectiveness by avoiding penalties and fines imposed by regulatory authorities. Accordingly, waste is required to be treated and disposed of in accordance with schedules prescribed. The essentiality is to recognize the waste, identify where waste is generated and determine the reason of generation, and final plan disposal of the waste in a scientific manner so as to render it environmentally non-hazardous and eliminate the source of infection.

Conclusion:

Proper management of Bio medical waste is a concern that has been recognized by both government agencies and the Non government organizations. Several hazards and toxic materials containing should be disposed off with proper take and care. Inadequate and inefficient segregation and transportation system may cause severe problem to the society hence implementing of protective measures, written policies all of these factors contribute to increased risk of exposure of staff, patients and the community to biomedical hazards. In order to accelerate the rate at which proper processing and management methods are designed, timely regulatory and legislative policies and procedures are needed. To properly separate, process and isolation of wastes, they must be well-characterized, which is challenging. Safe and effective management of bio medical waste is not only a legal necessity but also a social responsibility. Lack of concern in persons working in that area, less motivation, awareness and cost factor are some of the problems faced in the proper hospital waste management. Proper surveys of waste management procedures in various practices are needed. Clearly there is a need for education as to the hazards associated with improper waste disposal. An effective communication strategy is imperative keeping in view the low awareness level among different category of staff in the health care establishments regarding biomedical waste management. One important direction for future research would be to project the flows of bio medical waste worldwide and quantitatively and qualitatively assess.

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No civilization, no nation, no society, no individual, can function without energy. Energy use is a chain that begins with;

1. Sources, like coal, crude oil
2. Conversion, from source to forms like electricity, petrol
3. Consumption by society through industries, vehicles

The constant consumption of these fossils over the years, has resulted in, it being on the verge of extinction today, ultimately leading to an energy crisis; a situation when a country has a great need for fuel or electricity but does not have enough of either to provide for its citizens, as a result, energy becomes very expensive or in the extreme case, not available to everyone. Although energy crisis can be observed as a result of many factors; overconsumption, overpopulation, bad infrastructure, untapped renewable energy opportunities, wastage of energy etc.…… but, the truth of the matter is, we live in a world where there is little time for details and distinctions and its high time that we change our modus operandi and switch to renewable sources of energy.

Among the low-carbon energy supply options, the three with the biggest potential are wind power, nuclear power, and most importantly solar power. You might think that even if we imagine strong efficiency measures and smart technology-switches that halved our energy consumption, we should not kid ourselves about the challenge of supplying 60 kWh per day without fossil fuels. But as it is said that the power of thinking is more about knowing what the right way to think is and about what, a step in the right direction will always nurture fruitful results.

Around 4.5 billion years ago a star was born. We call it Sun. The solar energy that hits the earth every second is equivalent to 4 trillion 100-watt light bulbs. Solar is the prime inexhaustible energy available to all and India is one of the sun’s most favoured nations, blessed with about 10 months of sunshine in most parts of the county, receiving 4-7 kwh per square per metre per day . This is a huge number. Thus, investment in solar energy is a natural choice for India.

As of 2014, the installed capacity of solar power in India was 2,208.36 MW and it aims for 20,000 MW by 2022. In a revamped National Solar Mission programme, the union ministry of new and renewable energy has now come up with draft guidelines for setting up of 3000 MW of solar PV projects. The proposed project will be developed through association of central and state agencies along with a solar park being developed in Andhra Pradesh, as a part of this project. Recently, Tata Power Delhi, by incentivizing rooftop solar generation has also pooled in to produce 400 MW of solar electricity in the next three years with the aim of transforming the power scenario. As a cherry on the cake, the land on which solar panel towers are installed can also be used for grazing and agricultural purposes.

Although Solar farms are the way to go and India has abundant sunshine, however, there is immense competition for land resources – to harness this energy, India would need solar power stations in deserts covering an area twice the size of Greater London(about 1700 km square) but India cannot be allotting acres and acres of land just for creating solar farms, which can indeed create “a strong thermal flux” and thereby disturb biodiversity.

As a substitute to this land problem and risks associated with it, in 2015 i.e. this year, a floating solar power plant conceptualized by Kolkata based Arka Renewable Energy College will go live. This pilot project will create 10KW of electricity and requires an area of around 100 sq metres. Thus, With the solar panels being set afloat in Bengal and water canals being covered with solar panels in Gujarat, India has definitely leapfrogged.

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Crude oil prices have been hovering around $100-$110 per barrel during mid-2013 to mid-2014 and all of a sudden prices have fallen drastically to around $50 per barrel. This was due to strengthening dollar and a many other reasons. Prices have fallen to a 6 year low in the 1^st quarter of 2015. After a steep decrease, prices stopped falling below $ 50 per barrel. Currently the crude oil price is around $60 per barrel. Can we expect a further reduction in crude oil prices?

During 1940-70, only seven major oil producing companies know as seven sisters used to lead the market. These were British Petroleum, Gulf Oil, Chevron Corporation, Standard oil of California, Royal Dutch Shell, Standard Oil of New Jersey and Exxon Mobil. These seven companies used to hold about 85% of crude oil market. These companies formed OPEC to avoid competition and create entry barrier for others.

But now, the situation has changed with increasing technological innovations cost of producing oil has decreased. For countries like USA and China, who are the major consumers of oil, producing by themselves was a better option than importing. Hence many such countries started producing crude oil, thereby increasing the competition. The top 10 crude oil producers these days are Russia, Saudi Arabia, USA, China, Canada, Iraq, Iran, UAE, Kuwait and Mexico. These countries alone account for around 68% of total crude oil production.

What made oil prices fall?

OPEC was once having about 50% of the market share in total crude oil production. Hence it enjoyed the bargaining power in deciding the crude oil prices by increasing or reducing the oil production. High oil prices in 2010-13 ignited not-OPEC countries to innovate new cost-effective technologies and start their own production. By December 2014, USA was producing 9 million barrels of crude per day. Increase in USA’s domestic oil production led to fall of Saudi Arabia US customer Base by almost 50%. Similar impact was seen on all OPEC countries. To regain the market share, OPEC started reducing the crude oil price leading into a price war.

Will the prices fall below $50-$60 per barrel?

Crude oil production involves various activities contributing the costs. These are exploring and finding oil wells, development of wells, lifting crude oil and maintaining wells, heavy equipment and facilities, transportation and other administrative expenses.

A survey conducted by RAND Corporation says that the costs involved in producing a barrel of oil at a surface retorting complex in USA would range between $70-90. These costs are expected to fall to $35-48 per barrel with increasing technology and oil production. There are some countries which are producing at as low as $20-25 per barrel. So, they can continue producing crude oil even at prices as low as $25-30. But, many oil producers will not be able to recover the costs of production leave about the profits if the prices fall below $45-50 per barrel.

Hence, oil producers cannot increase the prices to as high as $90-100 because of the heavy competition. With the heavy competition, if the prices go up they cannot sell all their produced crude oil as the demand goes down. At the same time, the prices cannot be reduced below $45-50 per barrel as they cannot breakeven. With further decrease in oil prices, oil producers will reduce the production levels which will increase the demand for oil. As the supply will be less than the demand, it will again lead to increase in the prices. Hence oil prices can be expected to hover around $60-70 per barrel in the near future.

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Like fire, stream or electricity, nuclear energy is also a source of power. But the use of this powerful energy depends upon man, whether to use it constructively or destructively. Over the years, scientists and researchers have been toiling hard to make this energy useful in agriculture, industry, and transport etc., with the aim of revamping an entirely new world.

Since the world has already begun to feel the shortage of coal, petrol, and other sources of fuel, the concept of nuclear energy has very much started to frame its roots into the picture. Presently, there are about 400 operating nuclear power reactors in the world and that number is likely to cross 500 by 2030. As of 2013, India had 21 nuclear reactors generating about 5000MW of power.

Electric power from nuclear energy has indubitable advantages from running machines and industries, increasing production manifold, lowering of prices to achieving a higher standard of living. Not a surprise then, that India has chosen to go the nuclear power way, big time – but there are some risks too. Nuclear disasters are messy disasters – their impact stays for a long time. As to remind, the tsunami that hit Japan on 11th March 2011, struck the Fukushima Daiich nuclear power plant with three of its six nuclear reactors underwent meltdown and leakage of radioactive isotopes, thus creating a havoc with its effect everywhere, on and below the ground, in water and in air.

Although the use of nuclear power has galvanised since our Prime Minister has signed the nuclear deal with the US, with the aim of providing a reliable 24 hours a day, 365 days a year base load electricity, the bottom line is; at the end of the day, nuclear disasters can happen. Thus India must remain vigilant and prepared, always .

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The price of oil generally refers to the spot price of a barrel of benchmark crude oil. It is determined by both the factors of demand -supply and expectation . Since oil is the primary source of energy in the modern world, its price affects the production of an economy . After being stable for nearly five years, there has been a considerable decrease in the prices by more than 40%, from dollars 115 a barrel to below dollars 70, since June 2014 .

The reason of this fall is manifold . Demand is decreasing because of weak economic activity, increased efficiency and also because there is an increasing shift in the use of fuels other than oil . Supply is constant as : The turmoil between two big producers – Iraq and Libya, has not affected their supply . Second, American is importing less as it has become the world’s largest oil producer . Finally, the Saudis and gulf allies can curb the production sharply but they are reluctant to forgo their own market share as the benefits will go to the countries like Iran and Russia, which they despise .

while some gain benefits, some are forced to accept the challenges put forward by the low oil prices . Inflation is racing at about 60% in Venezuela and the economy is wobbling at the edge of recession . Saudi Arabia, the world’s largest oil exporter is unwilling to cut its own production to govern prices .

India’s current account deficit will witness a considerable ease at it imports 75 % of its oil and at the same time government spending will be reduced by dollar 2.5 billion as it will cut its fuel subsidies, if the prices remain low . All these would go a long way in keeping the deficit in check and lowering the need for raising taxes . Thus, this dramatic fall in oil prices is a boost for the Indian economy .

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Desperate needs call for desperate measures .Now the time has come which is demanding,from the youth,from the society,sources of energy that can last years,moreover cleaner sources of energy.

The first law of thermodynamics tells us that “energy can neither be created nor destroyed,it can only be converted from one form to another”.From the accidental discovery of fire to causing fire by accident,man has come through it all and learnt from it all.If we have learnt so much about the laws and the matter around us,is it that difficult to obtain different sources of energy.And if obtained,is it that difficult to put them in use?

We already know about the various renewable sources of energy like wind and hydro  power and we also know the disadvantages of the present source of energy we use(fossil fuels).After knowing it all,we keep using them because it is helping us maintain our daily routine and no one likes to deviate from it.And because of that people do not pay attention to the need of using renewable sources of energy and  not making use of fossil fuels.We already know what we are capable of,if we can reach moon and go to space,finding new sources of energy and putting them to use is no big deal.And once this happens,we can put a full stop to the use of fossil fuels and say hello to a greener and cleaner world.

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With the first demonstration of first electric light in Kolkata on 24th July 1879, India has came far away on the journey to become world’s third largest electricity producing country in the year 2013.

around 70% of Indian electricity is produced by coal which is a also a high source of pollution in India. At the time when the other developed country like US and China are reducing their coal usage and looking for clean energy, India is planning to double its coal production by 2020.

Its very strange that the country which receives one of the highest global solar radiation, has the fifth largest installed wind power capacity in the world, is surrounded by sea on three sides and has about 340 hot springs over the country is dependent on conventional non renewable source of energy. And also sees the future in conventional sector only.

We know that conventional sources of India will last for another 200 years. But the way we are exploiting it, and the rate at which the demand of energy is increasing in India, there is a chances that these sources end up even early.

Why can’t we look up our energy security in non conventional/renewable resources of energy provided all the reserves and facilities we have. We have reached to the Mars, but still we are unable to understand our mother Earth.

Its time to think how we see the future of our energy sector.

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