India’s Constitution is said to be one of the largest constitution among the democratic countries around the globe. It has several Articles and Provision for the smooth running of the country politically, economically and socially as well.
So there is a Article that is Article 19 which deal with the Right to Freedom. This Article ensures the following freedoms:-
A)Freedom of speech and Expression
B)Freedom of assembly
C)Freedom of association
D)Freedom of movement
E)Freedom of Residence and Settlement
F)Freedom of Profession, Occupation, Trade or Business.
Therefore Article 19(1) (A) of our constitution states that “all citizens shall have right to freedom to speech and expression”. But this kind of freedom is not the absolute one, its exceptions and limitations are stated in Article 19 (2). This article that is Article 19(2) states that even if Freedom of speech and Expression is being guaranteed in Article 19(1) A , still it should be keep in mind that it should not affect the working of the law or we can say that should not prevent state from making any law. This article imposes reasonable and required restrictions in order to prevent integration and sovereignty of the nation, friendly relations with foreign state, to maintain public order, decency and morality etc.
Supreme court says that Freedom of the Press is to be taken as implicit one in Freedom of Speech and Expressions. And in case of pre-censorship judiciary body of India upheld the validity of a law which deals in sanctioning the pre-censorship of motion pictures in order to protect the public interest of the nation.
So this Article 19 provides power to the press with some constraint thus helping press to fulfill its role as the forth estate of the nation so that it can provide information to the public accurately , fairly, unbiased without hurting anyone’s communal norms and belief.

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In India, technology is developing with the pace of time. It is reaching into every corner of India. Government has realized the importance of ICT( Information & Communication technology) in India especially for the development of rural areas. It’s the matter of fact that about 60% of population of our nation resides in villages.
So there are various development projects in rural India through ICT. It has many advantages for say providing a vast market for the rural manufactures for their product. One of such project was ‘E-CHAUPAL’. In other words we can call it a computerize mandis for agricultural products. Traditionally mandis were the main market for the rural manufacturers and mostly controlled by the middlemen who make profit by blocking the price and market information. But this computerize Mandis minimizes the role of middlemen and set up the direct link with the rural manufacturers. If we talk about its functioning then each chaupal has one Coordinator known as ‘Sanchalak’. So in absence of any middlemen rural manufacturers earn high profit, get to about how to handle technology hence a good solution for digital divide and get good exposure of the different market.
Other project which is very important in this aspect is the project started by the AMUL DIARY COOPERATIVE, known as AkashGanga. It was a computerized system for collection of milk and testing its quality. Earlier this process was manual and use to take time. Now due to the computerization each farmer will get a unique token to which they will drop on a card box and pour their quantity of milk into a given container over a weighing machine, therefore quality can be checked within the seconds and they will get the pay slip, to which they will show to a official on a counter and they will get their amount.
These are just the few examples; there are other many projects too which are running in the rural areas of India like Tarahaat, Bhoomi etc. So technology is a gift we just need to know how to use it to reap benefits out of it.

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1)HEADROOM- It is the space between the upper screen’s edge and the head of the subject. This headroom should be in proper amount otherwise the scene would look awkward to the audience.
2)NOSEROOM-It is as similar to Headroom only, difference between both of them is that headroom deal with the horizontal space whereas noseroom deal with the vertical space as to give the sense of the direction to the audience.
3)COLOUR TEMPERATURE- This deals with the relative amount of reddishness and bluishness in the white light which is measured in Kelvin degrees. The camera should be adjusted according to the prevailing light because bluish light has the high temperature whereas reddish light has low temperature.
4)VECTORS-
a)Continuity Vector- These are those vectors that succeed each other in the same direction.
b)Converging Vector-These are those vectors which are used to energies the evnt and move a point toward each other.
c)Diverging Vector-It is just opposite to converging vector in which vectors move in opposite directions.
5)JUMPCUT- Whwn in a video a image jumps from one screen position to the another position just after the cut.
6)DISSOLVE- When gradually there is a transition from one shot to another in which both the shots overlap each other.
7)Lightening-
a)Keylight- This word is given to that light which suppose to be the main source of light during the shoot.
b) Fill Light- This word refer to those lights which are use to eliminate the shadows created by the keylight.
c)Back Light- As the name suggest these are those lights which are positioned at the back of the head of the subject in order to create more depth in the scene or photo. It lights up the background as well according to the requirement.
8)Visual Tension- It’s the word for the interplay of unbalanced and balanced elements which can affect the scene visually and can led to the visual tension.

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Basically broadcast in India was being started in early twenties of the last century. First ever broadcast in India was done in 1921. After a year that is 1922, first transmission license was being granted. Radio clubs also came into the picture in 1923, first Radio Club was in Calcutta, then Madras Presidency Radio Club ( Madras) was launched.
In 1925 government open up the applications for starting the broadcasting stations. Leading to this in 1927 two privately owned radio transmitters started broadcasting in India on the regular basis. Then THE INDIA RADIO TIMES was started which was the first Radio journal of India, later its name was changed to AKASHWANI. As Madras and Bombay station was started in 1927 , these channels were dosed within two years . Hence government took the initiative and government took over these two stations in 1930.Its name was changed to INDIAN BRIADCASTING SERVICE, with a controller named FIELDEN. But in 1936 these services were named under ALL INDIA RADIO (AIR).
During the Second World War 27 bulletins used to broadcast on a daily basis by the AIR. At this time two separate services of AIR were made very much effective that is External Service and Monitoring Service which were separated after the war. If we talk about the numerical data of AIR in 1940s then in 1947 it was having 6 stations and about 18 transmitters, number of radio sets were about 2.5 lakh and its coverage was about 11% of the population of our country.
With the time several districts and towns had its own radio transmitters which was used for the variety of purposes like transmitting agricultural information, folk song , current information etc. With the time this data keep on increasing and in 1995 India was having around 173 stations those used to cover around 97% of our population and about 89.6 % of the area.
But with the arrival of Television, Bollywood and Hollywood took listeners away from the Radio as they were having more choice now. But still in some regions it doing well like FM channels did attract the youth of the nation.

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Newspaper is full of current information. There is a part in the newspaper in which its editor publishes their views on current issues whether local, national or international, this part os newspaper is known as ‘EDITORIAL PAGE’. There are sub parts of this section also like –
a)Letters to editors- When the readers send their views regarding the newspaper to the editors, this often is the best section to read of a editorial page. Some newspaper limits the word length of the letter to editor whereas some are flexible according to the readers concern.
b)Editorials Cartoon-Mainly on the political issues , providing a critique in a sarcastic way.
c)Columnists- Big personalities who provides their views or suggestions on a particular topic.
d)By Lined articles by newspaper staff itself mainly editors.
PURPOSE
1)This page provoke a discussion among the public by providing them different prospective.
2) It also influence the administration and public officials
3)As mainly experts contribute in this page therefore editorials page provide us background of an event with the close analysis of it.
4)It also suggest a course of action regarding a particular issue.
TYPES OF EDITORIALS
Commendation- When a editorial appreciate a particular thing or action.
Information And Interpretation- This editorial first give the information to the readers then it deals with the interpretation part as well by the experts.
Entertainment- This editorial as name suggest entertain the readers by providing Humorous and Satirical content.
Argument And Persuasion- It provides argument to a particular course of action.

As newspaper are changing with the scenario so as their content as well , in the field of fashion editorials are being refer to ‘Photo-Editorials’ which deals with more of photographs to be visually appealing.
Language of the editorials should be lively and provocative with a clear message, should have memorable phrases which can catch the attraction of the readers. Editorials basically are not news, they are just views based on the facts. Writing for the editorials has been an art mastered by practice and by judicious use of words and language. There should be brevity, clarity, controversies and newsworthiness as well.

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PTI is the largest news agency in our Country, India. Basically PTI is a non-profit organization which provides unbiased news stories to its subscribers which are mainly mainstream media, specialized press, research groups, non-governmental organization, government, different companies etc.
PTI was founded on August 27, 1947 and began its functioning from February, 1949.It is controlled and managed by the Board of Directors under the chairmanship, and the chairman is selected by rotation at the Annual General Meeting. Chief Executive Officer (also known as Editor-in-Chief) is the person who manages the day to day functioning of the PTI. PTI provides its services mainly in Hindi and English. Hindi news Service of PTI is known as BHASHA. If we talk about the journalists who are working in PTI currently are 400 and about 500 stringers to cover every corner of the country. It has around 100 bureaus across the country as well.
PTI has exchange arrangements with other different foreign news agencies so to cover the global aspect as well; they cover major cities of the world like London, Bangkok, Colombo, Dhaka, Islamabad, Dubai, Beijing, Moscow and Kathmandu. For the distribution of news of the Associated Press (AP) and Agency France Press (AFP) in India, it also has arrangements with them. If we talk about more of its partnership then it’s has its partnership with Asia Pulse International which is a Singapore based firm.
PTI is one of the leading participants in the pool of news agencies of organization of Asia Pacific News Agencies and of the NAM nations.
In technology terms it has its own satellite delivery system which is through a transponder on an INSAT satellite. And its photograph service is through satellite and dial-up service as well. PTI has its own website to facilitate better and in faster way and the website is –
http://www.ptinews.com
There are various SERVICES that Press Trust of India provides apart from news and photo service, such as Graphics, Science Service, features, Data India, Economic Service etc.

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There is a lot change and development in technology in these last two decades. Whatsoever gets in touch with technology has been changed, same with the journalism. There are so many new type of journalism that has been emerging. Following they are briefly discussed-

Networked Journalism: This type of journalism refers to the diffused capacity to record information, to share that information and to distribute it. Here every journalist became the node of the network. New professional figure has emerged that is networked journalist.

Crowdsourcing And User-Generated Content: It refers to the information, photographs, videos, audios that is being provided to the news organization by the member of the public. However, all these information required to be filtered before it is being used by the news organization. This information gives a clearer idea about the reality because it is being submitted by those who have actually faced or attended the event/situation that is being covered.

Visual Journalism: Now a days videos are replacing text content for the information to the people. It helps to engage viewer. There are many examples of this kind of work like ‘Money And Speed’: Inside the black box, it is an interactive documentary which was developed by VPRO Dutch Broadcasting, which tries to explores the future of finance and sources and web links as well.

Automated Journalism: There are many softwares like crawler that identify and retrieve press releases, news etc. from the different sources to repackage them and resend them to the specific networks of information diffusion. Some of the business news organizations are using this kind of technology like Forbes etc.

Global Journalism: As we have talked about how with the help of technology how the information is disseminating smoothly. So because of development in translation softwares are supporting the circulation of news stories worldwide and then news organizations are doing the rest.

But all this come with the cost of less time for analysis because there is a lot of information coming from different sources and ways so it’s quite hard to scrutinize and analyze each information. Therefore this development is changing the practice of professional journalism. However these developments are very helpful because of which anyone can access information from anywhere so we cannot neglect them.

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In covering the court the role of media is paramount because it is only the link between the courts and the citizen. Court reporting is one of the most challenging and fascinating beats because somewhere it is full of human drama.

WHY IS IT NECESSARY?
It is necessary as courts are one of the important sources of human interest and crime stories as well.
Society needs reporters to attend the court and report it because society’s confidence in the legal system depends upon court proceedings about which they certainly want to know.

WORK OF COURT REPORTER
A) They need to attend courtroom proceedings to make official recordings.
B) They need to prepare transcripts according to standardized formats and they are also required to read back transcripts during trials and court proceedings as well.
C) Court reporter need to review court calendars in order to provide their service.
D) Take court notes during hearings in order to get all important facts in the news story.

CHECKLIST FOR A COURT REPORTER
A) They need to learn about how state courts are being organized like the names of various courts and what kinds of cases they hear.
B) They should know how to find and use the records on any particular case.
C) Do not imply that a defendant of a criminal case is guilty until unless jury decide that.
D) They need to be alert all the time.

SOURCES OF A COURT REPORTER
FIR
Charges framed by the court
Inquiry by investigating agencies
Some legal documents such as affidavits, bail papers etc.
Law journals etc.
Through web applications as well: like court reporter can check Case Status on court website now.

STAGES OF COURT REPORTING
Court reporting has mainly three steps:

A) Before the Hearing of a case – Here court reporter dealt with knowing person named in FIR, who has been arrested or taken into custody etc.
B) During the Hearing of a case- Here court reporter works on the court proceedings without any kind of modifications on their own. They try to mention the background and the gist of the past hearings. They also include judges comments, arguments put forward etc.
C) After the Completion of Hearing- Here they work on the highlights of the jugdement and picking up the important points and statements as the lead.

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As readers generally want to know how the crime happens and laws are being broken, how police solve the case and what’s the punishment for the committed crime.
So if talk about the QUALITIES and Other requirement of a Crime Reporter then some of the qualities are as follows-
A) Suspicious- As reporting of a crime involves so many mysteries and all so a crime reporter needs to be more suspicious in order to get the crux of the story.
B) Good Contacts- Getting the hidden information that to related to crime is very hard, so in order to get the statements and follow up of the story then a reporter must have good contacts.
C) Analytical And Organized – Crime reporter must understand the chart, graphs, accounting and legal jargon in order to present the story to the readers so that they could get whole information including numerical data as well if any.
D) Motivated by Ethics and Morals- He/ She possess a strong sense of what is right and what is wrong, try to ensure accountability , transparency etc.

There are many qualities like self confidence, trustworthiness, courage, communication and teamwork etc. to get success in this field.
So what are the SOURCES that a crime reporter uses in order to get the information? Following are the main sources that a crime reporter uses –
Police and Police Station
Police Blotter
Incident reports
Arrest Warrants, Search Warrants, Jail booking records.
Autopsy Reports
Medical examiner Reports
Criminal History Reports
Police misconduct investigation records.

There are many CHALLENGES that are being faced as a crime reporter like sometime Police don’t want to the information , not behave properly with the reporter, even a reporter have to wait for hours to a single statement of information etc. But even with these kinds of situation they work very enthusiastically in order to give a proper piece of information to their readers.

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Organized Broadcasting in India was started in 1927 when Indian Broadcasting Company (IBC) was being inaugurated in Bombay and Calcutta. After this a great change took place when in 1952 Vividh Bharti, an All India Radio variety programme started in Bombay. Over the period of time this service became very popular in India. In 1964 CHANDA COMMITTEE was being set up under the chairmanship of A.K. Chanda on Broadcast and Information media. This committee was having its own recommendations like

A) Separations of radio and television services with two independent corporations.
B) Starting of a commercial service.

Than in 1969, there was a new channel “Yuva Vani” in Delhi. Then in 1971, AIR Station was set up in Leh and in the same year the first satellite link was established. Then in same decade Janata Party formed a group headed by B.G. Verghese for the suggestions about an autonomous set up of AIR and Doordarshan. Then this group recommended about the creation of a National Broadcast Trust or AKASH BHARTI to look after both radio and TV. But eventually this bill lapsed when Janata party was out of the power.
Then Vividh Bharti programmes were broadcast from 32 centers including two transmitters of Bombay and Madras. Simentenouly for TV Government inaugurated Bombay TV centre, so in this decade India observe real expansion of TV like number of TV were also increased in India. In 1975 the Satellite Instrumental Television Experiment (SITE) was conducted. The one year SITE exercise proved to India itself that it was ready for the satellite television. In 1976 there was a noticeable commercialization of TV through ads.
In 1977 AIR and Doordarshan got separated. The year 1980 there was a start of the National Programmes of Music and Dance. One of the major changes in the history of television in India was in 1982 when it introduced its first colored transmission of the Asian Games. In 1984 first sponsored serial, Humlog went into the air and this is known to be as starting point of daily soaps in India.
From that moment of time story of television in India started uprising gradually and with the different genres of movies , Daily soaps , live broadcasts and coverage etc. our television has attain this phase which we are enjoying for information, knowledge, entertainment etc.

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