• Working standards
• IEEE standards :
• Accuracy, tolerance & precision
• Accuracy
• Tolerance
• Precision
• Errors & classification
• Gross errors
• Systematic errors
• Random errors
• Calibration of instruments
• General considerations in calibrating instruments
• General examination
• Examination for friction
• Examination for balance
• Precautions in calibration
• Effect of stray fields
• Calibration of voltmeters and ammeters by comparison method

DC Voltage and Current Measuring Instrument Movements

• The D’Arsonval Movement
• Principal of operation of a PMMC type meter movement
• Damping in coil type meters
• Magnetic shielding in PMMC

Moving Iron type Voltage and current Measuring Instrument Movements

• Moving iron type meters
• Principal of operation of attraction type meter
• Principal of operation of repulsion type meter
• Practical moving iron instruments of repulsion type
• Damping in moving iron meters

Extending the range and Conversions of MC Type Meters

• INTRODUCTION
• Internal and external shunts
• Calculating the shunt resistance
• DC Voltmeters
• Instruments sensitivity
• Loading effect
• Meter accuracy
• Multirange Meters
• Multirange Ammeter
• Multirange voltmeter
• Ohmmeters
• Series ohmmeters
• Shunt ohmmeters
• Multirange series ohmmeters

General defects in Analog multimeters and its maintenance

• Explain the similarity &dissimilarity between single range and multimeters
• Categorize the defects likely to occur in multimeters
• List possible defects in each category.

Identification of digital multimeter

• Precautions to be taken in handling a digital multimeter
• Accessories pm2518 %& pm2618&pm2718
• Safety characteristics pm2518&pm2618&pm2718

Characteristics of digital multimeter

• Environmental characteristics pm2518 & pm2618 &2718
• Introduction
• Pm2518;
• Pm2618;
• Pm2718;
• Explanation of the blockdiagram
• Analog part
• The converter can be enabled with signal ENAC.
• ADC(analog to digital convertor)
• Digital part
• Outputs; lx display
• Principle of operation

Function generator

• Introduction
• Principle of working function generator
• Application of function generator
• Icl8038 basics
• Sine wave distortion
• Panel controls and features of a typical function generator are as follows
• Description
• Conditions for operation
• Power
• Supplies
• Fm and sweeping
• Usual trouble and dealing methods

Identification of front panel control and blocks of a typical singal generator

• Familiarization with front panel controls
• Requirements of singal generator
• Standard singal generator
• Conventional standard singal generator melaoe11
• Basic standard singal generator
• Standard specifications of a signal generator
• AF sine and square wave generator

CRO control and synchronisation

• Introduction
• Prosessing of a singal in CRO
• Initializing the scope
• Compensating the probe
• Checking the controls
• Check vertical systems controls
• Check the horizontal system control
• Check the trigger systems control
• Check the correct probe tips and adapters
• Oscilloscope probes
• Types of probes
• Voltage (attenuator)probes
• High voltage probes
• Low impedance probes
• Current probes
• Probe assessories
• Performance checks
• Channel 1 channel 2
• Dual alt mode, alternate /chop mode
• Checking of rise time
• Checking of cal output frequency
• Checking of component tester voltage and current
• Checking off line triggering
• Checking of external trigger
• Y output
• Checking of z modulation
• Safety precaution
• Triggering CRO

CRO fundament6al blocks

• Display system
• Cathode ray tube
• The horizontal system
• The triggering system
• Z axis amplifier
• Power supply system

Trouble shooting CRO with the complaint “dead set”

• Good trouble shooting procedures
• Troubleshooting techniques and procedures
• Symptom recognition
• Symptom elaboration
• Isolate the faulty section /assembly
• Isolate the faulty block
• Isolate the faulty component
• Repair the instrument and verify proper operations
• Some precautions
• Problem tree pt _01

Trouble shooting CRO with the complaint no trace on screen

• Problem three pt_02

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