Table of Content
 

Batteries, Cell and Voltage measurement

• Power Sources
• Primary Batteries
• Secondary Batteries
• Dry and Wet cells
• Primary and Secondary cells
• Dry cell and batteries
• Weak dead cell
• Measuring cell Voltage 
• Multimeter
• Multimeter as Dc Voltmeter
• Multimeter as Ac Voltmeter
• Multimeter as Ac Ammeter
• Multimeter as ohmmeter
• Resistance zero setting 

Battery Chargers

• Constructions
• Working 
• Circuit-1
• Circuit-2
• Circuir-3

Secondary Cell (Lead-acid)

• Secondary Cell
• Electrolyte
• Electrodes
• Polarity of Electrodes
• Electrolysis
• Container
• Plates
• Plante Plates
• Faure Plate
• Separators
• Electrolyte
• Working Principle
• Relation between the voltage and the specific gravity
• No of plates
• Defects
• Hard Sulphation
• Buckling 
• Partial Short
• Effect pf temperature on batteries

Secondary Cell (Nickel-Iron)

• Parts
• Chemical Changes
• Characteristics
• Efficiency
• Specification of batteries
• Comparison Lead Acid Cell and Nickel –Iron or Edison Cell

Secondary Cell battery charging

• Battery Charges
• Charging Current
• Specific gravity measurement
• Voltage Measurement
• High rate discharge tester
• Constant Current method
• Constant potential method 
• Rectifier method
• Trickle Charge
• Use
• Initial Charge
• Freshening Charge
• Boost Charge

Secondary Cell Battery - Care and Maintenance

• Care and Maintenance of batteries

Method of Maintenance and Servicing of Battery Chargers

• Sectionalizing the Faulty State
• Input Stage
• Transformer Stage
• Rectifier Stage
• Imbalance in Three-phase rectifiers
• Selenium rectifier-life
• Testing rectifier diodes
• Open Input filter capacitor
• Shorted input filter capacitor
• Open output filter capacitor
• Shorted output filter capacitor
• Open filter Choke
• Excessive hum
• Visual Inspection 
• Trouble-Shooting technique in battery charger

Primary Cells

• Cell
• Difference between Primary and Secondary Cells
• Primary Cells
• Simple voltaic Cell
• Characteristic of the Cell 
• Internal Resistance of a Cell
• Electromotive Force of a Cell
• Potential Difference of a Cell
• Capacity of the Cell/Battery
• Energy Density of the Cell
• Example
• Shelf Life
• Precautions to Be Followed in Using Cells

Grouping of Cells

• Necessity of Cell Groupings
• Series Cell Connections
• Precautions While Connecting Cells in Series
• Parallel Connection
• Example
• Series-Parallel Connection
• Example 
• Testing Primary Cells or Batteries

Secondary Batteries – Principle, Maintenance and Recharging

• Secondary Batteries
• Lead-acid, wet Type Cells
• Principle of chemical action
• Discharging of lead-acid cells
• Charging of lead-acid cells 
• Important Tips
• Construction of lead-acid batteries
• Current ratting of Lead acid batteries
• Effect of temperature on ah capacity of lead-acid batteries
• Specific gravity of electrolyte
• Topping up of lead-acid battery cells
• Do not add tap water or well water for topping up this will reduce cell life
• Care and routine maintenance of lead-acid batteries
• Recharging lead-acid batteries
• Constant current battery charging
• Constant voltage battery charging
• Trickle Charging
• Float charging
• Precautions for Charging Battery

Testing of a Battery

• Dry Cells
• Wet Cells
• Primary Cells
• Secondary Cell (Lead acid Battery)
• Lead acid Battery
• Construction
• Chemical Reactions
• Discharging
• Charging
• High rate discharge tester
• Voltage Check of battery