One always talks about ‘quality’. One always looks for the best quality of cloth or the most eco-friendly and organic quality of food items. Policymakers aim to improve the quality of life of the underprivileged. In today’s techno-savvy fast paced world, where everyone is nose deep in their laptops typing and clicking frantically to meet deadlines Software Quality Assurance (SQA) is extremely important.

Software Quality Assurance (SQA) refers to the process of analyzing developed software to check whether it meets the standardized quality specifications. SQA is part of the software development life cycle (SDLC) that regularly tests software to ensure it meets the specified norms of quality. This not only ensures development and use of good quality software but is also adaptable to different models of software advancement being developed. Software Quality Assurance uses various testing methodologies to test and analyze software. This testing doesn’t take place after the software is developed but follows a prolonged testing process. It tests the software at each and every stage of development till the time it has been completely developed. Moreover, it includes checking of the entire process such as coding, software design, source code control, code reviews, software configuration management and release management. It can be used for many software models. For example: ISO 9000 and CMMI

Every SQA company has a set of value propositions it puts forth to differentiate itself from the others in an attempt to put them in another (superior) league altogether. Some of these proportions are:

1. Early fixation of defects: some companies like ‘Elixirct’ have an ‘early-test’ system which helps fix defects in the beginning stages of development.
2. Best of both worlds: in this case, there are numerous centres set up all across the world which helps reduce costs.
3. Quality and Innovation: ‘Sapple Systems’ provide within their value proposition framework “Innovation & Quality”. Their efforts are three fold:

• Commitment to quality
• Innovative testing
• Improved results

SQA helps deal with below power software systems in the market. It not only fuels innovation and growth but also brings to the market high quality goods. It improves the market quality, increases customer base, reduces costs of maintenance and leads to sustainability.

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For some of you who could not get the meaning of the topic here we are discussing or rather scrutinizing the curved screens of electronic gadgets like televisions, home theatres and Smart phones. Oh yes! I know some of you might not be familiar with curved screens but it is truth that recently big brands like Sony, Samsung, and LG have launched gadgets that literally have curved screen. Some of devices are Samsung Galaxy Round, and Samsung ultra high definitions televisions. The image shown will give you a better idea as to what these curved screen gadgets look like. Now the big question that will bother you is why you should buy these and what are their advantages and flaws?

Now, the curved technology was introduced way back in 1952 with first screen known as Cinerama. It is important to understand that the correct position to watch anything on a screen is that your eye should be at the same height as that of screen’s central axis. Also one views the image on screen when light is thrown on it. Now in case of curved screens light will have to travel less distance to reach the corners of screen since they are curved so this produces a flat image free of disfigurement and it is also not bent as in case of flat screens. So, the image quality definitely improves. Let us look from perspective of our own screens, our eyes; they too are rounded and not flat to give us a fringe vision. Hence curved screens give us a wider view and they provide a captivating and entrancing experience thus giving us IMAX type of view. Definitely you will get a 3D feel since the images have more depth. Another thing that is improved by these curved screens is the aesthetics. One can also say that the sharpness of images will increase due to the similarity in shape of eyes with curved screens. If these benefits are enough to motivate you to buy one of these curved screen gadgets then you must be made aware of their cons.

It is clear that this curved screen technology is just not a contrivance. But their ongoing criticism is mainly due to the fact that their prices are extortionate. They are nearly priced 30 percent more than the flat ones. So, that’s definitely a big concern. Another major problem occurs when we view the curved screen television from sides because geometry of image will be disturbed. When we watch from an angle the nearer side of picture will look constricted than the farther side of it. This is a big drawback since we all know while watching television at home there will be only few who will be watching it from centre, the others will watch from sides. So, after spending so much if all of us can not watch a movie together then what’s the benefit? Another problem is the positioning of the TV since curved screen televisions will affect the images by reflecting light on a large portion of screen as compared to flat ones. Hence they need to be placed in a dark location where there is no light source. Some of you will also feel unpleasant when you will see it on the wall due to its shape.

Hence, one can say that curved screen have their pros as well as cons. But many top brands are claiming that sales of curved screen gadgets are 3 times more than flat ones. From all the above stated points conclusion is that wider sized curved screens are better than flat screens. These are good for those who are adventurous and want to experiment with new technology. Some people are also advising to buy larger flat screen ones than these curved screen gadgets. At last it is your prerogative but they are worth giving a try.

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The institute of medicine refined the network between the informative system and patient care to provide a support for decision making for clinicians. Critical care medicine is condition where limited resources are available thus, benefiting the patient. Therefore recording the data of the patient i.e. previous medical record can be used tele medicine in critical condition.

Health care sector in India has seen critical development amid the most recent couple of years, both in quality and limit in the usage of gazets like electronic medical records. The generally lower expense of health awareness, when contrasted with created nations, coupled with global quality, has situated India as a significant destination for human services administrations. The private division has likewise started gigantic interests in different aspects of human services. This is required to position social insurance as one of the biggest administration areas and a critical supporter to the GDP. As the wellbeing division is balanced for significant development in one decade from now, the sheer size of medicinal services part in the nation will require broad utilization of data and correspondence innovation (ICT) framework, administrations and databases for approach arranging and execution. Such a system would oblige administrations taking into account interoperable and sharable innovation, norms usage, interfacing different establishments and administration suppliers. The utilization of global experience, best practices and open advances may be vital in a few situations.

Electronic well being records make it workable for social insurance suppliers to better deal with your consideration through secure utilize and imparting of well being data.

Most medicinal services suppliers still utilize paper diagrams for their patients’ restorative records. New government projects are helping social insurance suppliers the nation over do the change to electronic wellbeing records.

With the assistance of electronic well being records, your medicinal services suppliers will have:

• Accurate and complete data about your wellbeing. That way they can issue you the best conceivable consideration, whether amid a routine visit or a medicinal crisis.

• The capacity to better organize the consideration they provide for you and your gang. This is particularly vital on the off chance that you or a friend or family member has a genuine restorative condition.

• An approach to safely impart data to you electronically. This implies you can all the more completely partake in choices about your well being and the strength of your gang.

• Information to help diagnose your well being issues sooner, diminish medicinal slips, and give more secure consideration at lower expenses.

Utilization of electronic well being records can likewise:

• Expand your entrance to reasonable consideration

• Make our health awareness framework more effective

• Build a healthier future for our nations

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You all must have heard about Embedded Systems. An embedded system is a computer system with a particular defined function within a larger mechanical or electrical system. They control many devices in common use. They consume low power, are of a small size and their cost is low per-unit.

Modern embedded systems are often based on micro-controllers. A micro-controller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit which contains a processor core, memory, and programmable input and output peripherals. As Embedded system is dedicated to perform specific tasks therefore they can be optimized to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase the reliability and performance.
Almost every Electronic Gadget around us is an Embedded System, digital watches, MP3 players, Washing Machine, Security System, scanner, printer, a cellular phone, Elevators, ATM, Vendor Machines, GPS, traffic lights, Remote Control, Microwave Oven and many more.

The uses of embedded systems are virtually limitless because every day new products are introduced to the market which utilize embedded computers in a number of ways.

Embedded Systems has brought about a revolution in Science. It is also a part of a Internet of Things (IoT) – a technology in which objects, animals or people are provided with unique identifiers and the ability to transfer data over a network without requiring human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction.

Let’s make it easy for you. For Example – You are sitting in a train headed to your destination and you are alredy a fifty miles away from your home and suddenly you realise that you forgot to switch of the fan. Not to worry, you can switch it off just by clicking a button on your cellphone using this technology – The Internet of Things.
Well this is just one good thing about IoT. We can monitor Pollution Levels, we can control the intensity of street lights as per the season and weather requirements, IoT can also provide the parents with real-time information about their baby’s breathing, skin temperature, body position, and activity level on their smartphones and many other applications which can make our life easy.

We have just begun to enter a new generation of Inventions.

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The versatility pattern started with the utilization of handheld versatile PCs in distribution center and dispersion situations, and has subsequent to accomplished across the board appropriation.

“Multi-reason, rugged cell phones function admirably in conveyance situations in light of the fact that they permit distribution center laborers to be dexterous and gainful, fulfilling different assignments and techniques without being attached to a particular station or territory,” clarifies Bruce Stubbs, chief of industry promoting for Intermec, an Everett, Wash.-based maker of cell phones, for example, handheld PCs, standardized tag printers, scanners, RFID labels, and voice arrangements. Cell phones can support picking and pressing benefit and exactness, and help give a sheltered, ergonomic, sans hands environment for specialists eventually bringing about enhanced client administration for end clients.

The most up to date rugged, handheld versatile PCs gloat a show of functionalities for enhanced stockroom benefit and adaptability: 1D and 2D standardized tag checking at both close and long ranges; manufactured in cams; RFID capacities; and voice-empowered usefulness. Furthermore, the current era of versatile “savvy” printers contains fabricated in brainpower that empowers them to deliver marks without being hard-wired to a PC framework.

At the same time the freshest pattern in the circulation area is the thing that Stubbs calls “complete portable arrangements.” Instead of settling on only one cell phone, organizations are grasping a suite of versatile instruments that cooperate to help distribution center execution.

“Numerous organizations are consolidating portable PCs and scanners with versatile printers; or matching voice arrangements with portable printing; or utilizing portable PCs with voice capacities rather than a devoted voice gadget,” Stubbs clarifies. This methodology eliminates specialists needing to go forward and backward between settled stations and rather permits them “to take the procedure to the item,” .

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Ever wondered how the millions of neurons inside our brain work?How they communicate with each other?How they process all this information?

Computational Neuroscience aims to decode the functions of the brain in terms of information processing properties of the structures that constitute our nervous system.It is an  interdisciplinary science that links the fields of neuroscience,psychology and cognitive science with computer science,electrical engineering along with mathematics and physics.Computational Neuroscience uses the above fields in the following ways:

• Computers are used to stimulate and model brain function
• Principles of mathematics and physics are used to understand he functions of the brain
• And finally we try to understand how the brain performs computations

Given the enormity of the subject how do we go about understanding the functions of the brain?Various schemes are being implemented to understand how the brain “actually works”. Scientists and researchers mainly focus the level of analysis.David Marr divided this level of analysis into 3 different types,computational,the algorithmic and the implementation levels.

The computational level is the most abstract and describes  the problem to be solved, what computations are being performed. Optimality,modularity etc are the kind of principles that are studied under this level. The algorithmic level deals with the structure of the solution,for example the nature of the subroutines used to perform a calculation. Finally, the implementation level describes how this algorithm is actually implemented in a machine. The differences between the algorithmic and implementation levels is similar to a high level language and its platform specific implementation.

Finally computational neuroscience can be thought of an amalgamation of artificial neural networks,neuroscience and dynamic systems.

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1. What is an Embedded System? Give some examples of embedded system in daily life.

Ans. Embedded System is a system which hides a small computation unit
inside. This computer is not general purpose computer like our Desktop PC but a
small microcontroller or microprocessor. Embedded System is designed to
perform specific tasks. Best example of an Embedded System is our mobile
phone which includes a processing unit or no. of processing units along with
peripherals like keypad/touchpad, touch screen, LCD, Communication modules
etc.
There are other examples like Electronic System in washing machine, ATM
machine, front panel of Microwave oven, printers, TV, set top boxes, Remote
control, Dashboard of a 4-wheeler and many more. If you observe carefully we
are surrounded by a no. of embedded system and use them very frequently in
our day to day life.

2. What are basic features of an Embedded System?

A good embedded system must possess following features…
Microcontroller based
Software driven
Reliable
Real time control system
Autonomous and human interactive
Operating on diverse physical variables
Operating in diverse environments

3. What are various categories of an Embedded System based on
complexity?

Ans. Embedded Systems can be broadly classified in three categories…
a. Small Scale – 8/16 bit CPU, little hardware, less software
complexity, no RTOS, battery operated.
b. Medium scale – 16/32 bit uC or DSPs, Complex hardware and
software design, RTOS source code engg tool, IDE.
c. Sophisticated – Configurable processors, Cutting edge applications,
highly complex hardware and software design

4. Why PC can’t be treated as an Embedded System?

Ans. Of course PC is also embedded with a processing unit but still it can not be
called as an Embedded System. The reason is very clear that PC is not supposed
to do a specific task. For a bank employee PC is accountings add for his work
while for an engineer it is designs add. For a doctor PC helps to analyze patient
reports and for children it’s more like video game or a communication system to
stay connected with their friends through social networking websites. Hence PC
has different applications for different people; hence it cannot be treated as an
embedded system.

5. What is difference between a PC based System and an
Embedded System?

Ans. A PC based system is bulky hence difficult to be deployed specially in
remote areas. For example if one wants a data logger system to monitor all the
processes and events in an aircraft or on a hilly area, PC is never a suitable
option. In this case an Embedded System can do the job well consuming very
small space. Also PC based system are not so cost efficient and as reliable as
embedded systems.

6. If embedded systems are so important and popular than why PCs still exist, why can’t we use embedded systems instead of PCs?

Ans. Well PC works with operating systems and they support comprehensive
cross compilers for generating executable files for embedded systems. Hence we
can never ignore the importance of PCs

7. What are the main components of an Embedded System?

Ans. Components of an embedded system depends on the application it is
intended to perform. Generally an embedded system contains sensors,
processor(s) and actuators. Main components of an embedded system are
Processor, Memory, Peripherals like Keypad, LCD etc.
We can classify these components in three categories
a. Hardware includes sensors, actuators, Processor, RAM, ROM,
ADC, DAC, Timers, Ports etc.
b. Software includes System software and Application software. A
system software can be a scheduler or an RTOS (Real Time
Operating System).
c. Firmware responsible for running hardware components like disk
drivers, protocol gateways etc.

8. What’s difference between a microcontroller and microprocessor?

Ans. Microcontroller has a CPU along with various peripherals like timers,
I/Os, Serial communication modules, Memory etc integrated on a single chip
while microprocessor doesn’t. It has to be connected will all these externally as
Microprocessor just has a CPU core on a chip.

9.If microcontroller is so powerful then why don’t they use a microcontroller instead of microprocessor for desktops and laptops?

Ans. Actually in Desktop PCs and Laptops space efficiency is not as important
as in mobile phones or other handy gadgets. Also much is expected from a
Desktop or Laptop hence it’s better to integrate highly efficient processor in
terms of speed and data handling capability with peripherals outside the chip i.e.
on a mother board.

10. What’s difference between Harvard and Von Neumann
architecture?

Ans. In Von Neumann architecture instructions and data are stored together in
a common memory space while in Harvard they are stored separately.
Harvard architecture has separate data and instruction busses, allowing
transfers to be performed simultaneously on both busses. Von Neumann
architecture or Princeton architecture has only one bus which is used for
both data transfers and instruction fetches, and therefore data transfers and
instruction fetches must be scheduled – they cannot be performed at the same
time.

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Nowadays the thin gap separating the real world and the virtual world has thinned to such an extent that many times both are confused for each other.

The virtual world has developed to such an extent that we don’t need to leave the comfort of our house for anything at all. Everything is just a click away. Whatever you can think of its there in the Virtual World. From providing us with the opportunity to buy things, play games, interact with people, work using the cloud, order food and what not.

The virtual world has provided a place to the real world amongst itself. But, its also true that our life has become much simpler and efficient. Although the flip side is the lack of real interactions amongst people, ruining of the brick mortar businesses, etc.

So this is the reality now.

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