TypeScript Basics
TypeScript was first made public in October 2012 (at version 0.8), after two years of internal development at Microsoft. Soon after the announcement, Miguel de Icaza praised the language itself, but criticized the lack of mature IDE support apart from Microsoft Visual Studio, which was not available on Linux and OS X at that time. As of 2013 there is support in other IDEs, particularly in Eclipse, via a plug-in contributed by Palantir Technologies. Various text editors, including Emacs, Vim, Sublime, Webstorm, Atom and Microsoft’s own Visual Studio Code also support TypeScript.
TypeScript 0.9, released in 2013, added support for generics. TypeScript 1.0 was released at Microsoft’s Build developer conference in 2014. Visual Studio 2013 Update 2 provides built-in support for TypeScript.
In July 2014, the development team announced a new TypeScript compiler, claiming 5× performance gains. Simultaneously, the source code, which was initially hosted on CodePlex, was moved to GitHub.
On 22 September 2016, TypeScript 2.0 was released; it introduced several features, including the ability for programmers to optionally prevent variables from being assigned null values.
Language design
TypeScript originated from the perceived shortcomings of JavaScript for the development of large-scale applications both at Microsoft and among their external customers. Challenges with dealing with complex JavaScript code led to demand for custom tooling to ease developing of components in the language.
TypeScript developers sought a solution that would not break compatibility with the standard and its cross-platform support. Knowing that the current ECMAScript standard proposal promised future support for class-based programming, TypeScript was based on that proposal. That led to a JavaScript compiler with a set of syntactical language extensions, a superset based on the proposal, that transforms the extensions into regular JavaScript. In this sense TypeScript was a preview of what to expect of ECMAScript 2015. A unique aspect not in the proposal, but added to TypeScript, is optional static typing that enables static language analysis, which facilitates tooling and IDE support.
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