Both DMAIC and DMADV are different, as DMADV is proactive approach for preventing defects and focuses on the design process, DMAIC is reactive approach for reducing defects and focusing on the current process.

DMAIC expands to various phases of six sigma as: define (identify the Y and X), measure (measure the X and Y and prioritize the Xs), analyze (Test XY relationship), improve (improve the Y and crucial Xs), and control (monitor Ys and crucial Xs)

Core business processes refer to the organizational processes which are vital for value creation in the company.

The value in Lean is the level of fulfilling a customer's requirement by the product or service.

The Value Stream in Six sigma black belt is actually a lean concept which refers to all the processes which result in production of the final product or service to the customer. Hence, it includes both value-added and the non-value-added processes.

Pull refers to the movement in production as per requirements or pull by the customer. Companies produce as per customer need and do not produce as per forecasts.

Wastes as listed in Lean are: Non-value-added activities, Overproduction, Process and Motion waste, Delays, Transportation, Unnecessary Inventory and defects.

The five six sigma level has 233 DPMO

COQ is used for improving the quality performance.

The takt time is 52.5 seconds

RPN can be calculated as: multiply Severity Rating, Occurrence Rating and Detection Rating

The RPN number is 189.

The severity value to be assigned will be 10 as is essential that the luggage arrives at a proper destination for the customer.

A stakeholder in six sigma black belt can be an individual or department or anyone having an interest or is impacted by the six sigma black belt project.

We can identify stakeholder for a six sigma black belt project by listing all individual or department or anyone being impacted or having an interest. We can also conduct stakeholder analysis for the purpose as well.

A six sigma black belt project if implemented will impact various entities in the company. Stakeholder is important part of a six sigma black belt project and a difficult stakeholder may slow or obstruct the project. Addressing issue pertinent to them, listening to them and having clear communication without any bias, helps manage difficult stakeholder.

SIPOC is a diagram which shows the suppliers, inputs, processes, outputs, and customers and helps to improve the process and identify any inefficiency.

The np chart in six sigma black belt project is used for defectives and to monitor the effects of process improvements. It also assesses the process stability and predictability.

It is the variation within a piece, batch, lot, etc, in multi-vari chart.

Leadership style depends upon the tasks involved and to be addressed according to which the leadership style can be: Democratic, autocratic or liaises faire.

Conflicts within the project team can be managed by using any of the conflict management technique as per situation, the technique can be: collaborating, forcing, accommodating, avoiding or compromising.

Under performance requires getting to the root of the problem which is present in the process or being faced by the team. It also involves listening to the team members for problem being faced, developing a motivated environment and continuously monitoring for addressing any underperformance event.

A c control chart is used if we have equal-sized subgroups.

If subgroup sizes are not constant or not equally sized, then we use the u control chart

Bias in six sigma black belt project the difference amongst the known values and is a systematic error.

A balanced design in six sigma black belt project refers to all of the treatment combinations have the same number of observations.

5S methodology is a lean methodology for creation and maintenance of a safe, clean and efficient workplace by eliminating wastes in a project.

Brainstorming is a group technique which involves a group of people who contribute ideas for solving a problem.

The scatter diagrams shows correlation or relationships between two factors.

A prioritization matrix prioritizes items, tasks or processes based on specific criteria.

Prior to explaining alpha and beta risk, you should know what is H0 and Ha, where H0 is acceptable when we have p-value more than 0.05 or 5% and if it is lesser, we accept Ha such that what we accept or reject could be wrong assumptions, that time we are on risk, which could be alpha and beta risk. P-value is the probability, when we are at 95% confidence with our sample, then we are at 5% of risk chances or probability. But if the p-value is more than 5%, that time we go as per H0, as risk is at higher side, however, if the p-value is lesser than 5%, it is suggested to take the risk and accept Ha.

The DPU is 0.095

In case the data is non-normal, we are required to make the data normal, but if we cannot, then we must use the non-normal hypothesis testing, as per their subgroup size. Post the analyse phase, questions can be asked about improvement plans or the tools used. Such that the improvement can be done using the FMEA, therefore we should know about FMEA and types of FMEA, what is RPN value and how to calculate it. We can also use the affinity diagram for the solution purpose, which can be done by brainstorming to resolve the issues.

The PPM is 1,50,000.

At first you are required to check whether that process is in control or not, such that if the data is normal or not, or if the process is not stable, we cannot run the project, we need to make process stable. Also we need to see the process normality, as per the process normality/non-normality we do the process capability to see whether the process is capable enough to run the project.

VOC in six sigma black belt project refers to the process of capturing the external customer requirements (like value, price, etc.) and expressed in their language.

As we know Six sigma is a process improvement methodology where the focus is on identifying root cause of the errors and thereby helps in improving the overall process. For Six sigma level, we need to check with DPMO score. In case the accuracy of the process gets to a level where it has only 3.4 defects per million opportunities. Such that the list of defects per million which are catered towards a single level are - 690,000 308,537 66,807 6,210 233 3.4

A balanced scorecard is a tool to update sponsors or senior management about the progress of a process and groups ongoing measures into four areas, as: finance, process, people, and innovation.

Executive Management are the individuals responsible for driving initiatives to ensure their product quality and processes are optimized to a profitable level where the entire team is being productive with fewer operations costs incurred. Usually, the executive leaders will be CEO or Board of director members etc. Such that the primary objective is to make sure that they deliver a quality product to the customers and ensure satisfied users.

MSA expands to Measurement System Analysis and is used for verification of the measurement system on parameters like accuracy, etc.

Paired sample t-test is a statistical technique that is used to compare two population means in the case of two samples that are correlated. Paired sample t-test is used in 'before-after' studies, or when the samples are the matched pairs, or when it is a case-control study. It is used to compare two population means where you have two samples in which observations in one sample can be paired with observations in the other sample. Hence, as all worker's performance before and after training needs to be studied, hence paired t-test is suitable for the task

The control chart represents the process capability, once special causes have been identified and removed from the process. Day-to-day control charts help identify assignable causes to any variations that occur. Control charts are special types of time series charts in which control limits are calculated around the central location, or mean, of the variable being plotted.

Theory of constraints is a methodology for identifying the most important limiting factor (i.e. constraint) that stands in the way of achieving a goal and then systematically improving that constraint until it is no longer the limiting factor. Most constraints are the result of policies.

Visual factory is a combination of signs, charts and other visual representations of information that enable the quick dissemination of data within a lean manufacturing process. The visual factory attempts to reduce the time and resources required to communicate the same information verbally or in written form, as both are viewed as a "waste" within the framework of a lean manufacturing process.

SMED or Single Minute Exchange of Dies is the technique for reducing changeover time to change a process from running a specific product manufacture to another. It enables flexibility in final product offerings and also to address smaller batch sizes.

Defects per million opportunities (DPMO) is the average number of defects per unit observed during an average production run divided by the number of opportunities to make a defect on the product under study during that run normalized to one million. It is calculated as DPO×1,000,000

Poisson is used for situations when an attribute possibility is that each sample can have multiple defects or failures. The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of scores within a set of data. The standard deviation formula is very simple: it is the square root of the variance. The Poisson distribution applies when: (1) the event is something that can be counted in whole numbers; (2) occurrences are independent, so that one occurrence neither diminishes nor increases the chance of another; (3) the average frequency of occurrence for the time period in question is known; (4) it is possible to count how many events have occurred, such as the number of times a firefly lights up in my garden in a given 5 seconds, some evening, but meaningless to ask how many such events have not occurred. Hence, after computing the standard deviation for Poisson distribution, it results in 25.

The number of distinct categories signify the usefulness of a measurement system for a product. It gives the number of divisons that the measurement system can accurately measure across process variation. If the index is less than 2, it is useless for study as, the minimum acceptable value is 5. As micrometer is being used in the question or in decimal places but, a value of 1 is below the minimum.

The word affinity means a ‘‘natural attraction’’ or kinship. The affinity diagram organizes ideas into meaningful categories by recognizing their underlying similarity. It reduces data by organizing large inputs into a smaller number of major dimensions, constructs or categories. It organizes facts, opinions and issues into natural groups to help diagnose a complex situation or find themes. It is used in define phase to organize a lot of ideas and identify central themes in them.

Profit improvement is the primary reason for companies to engage and undertake quality improvements by six sigma. Six sigma is not just quality improvements but also providing better value to customers, investors and employees. Six Sigma is a business initiative or a way of doing business which improves quality and productivity, increases competitiveness and reduces cost. By controlling the amount of variation within the allowable upper and lower limits of a process, the frequency of out of control conditions reduces. Making six sigma as part of doing business reduces errors, identifies and corrects deviations in processes and impacts the success of the organization.