Environment Law

Here are some commonly asked interview questions on Environment law to prepare for different legal jobs. These questions are helpful to ace the job interview.

Q.1 What does Three Mile Island refers to?
Radioactive pollution
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Q.2 Who is responsible for laying down procedure to handle hazardous substances?
Central Government
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Q.3 Which chapter of Factories Act, 1948 provides for legal management of hazardous industries?
Chapter IV-A Factories Act, 1948
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Q.4 Which article of Indian constitution guarantees protection of life and personal liberty?
Article 21 of Indian constitution guarantees protection of life and personal liberty.
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Q.5 The concentration of which gas is highest in our environment?
Nitrogen
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Q.6 Which is the most serious environmental effect posed by hazardous wastes?
Contamination of groundwater.
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Q.7 Describe the Principal Characteristics of Environment?

1. At any instant, the environment of any area is the sum total of all biotic elements and the abiotic elements around them.

2. The three basic components that constitute the structure of the environment are the biome, habitat and energy.

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Q.8 List the components of the Environment?
The environment consists of the three components: Abiotic components, Biotic components, and the Energy components.
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Q.9 What does the abiotic component of the environment consists of?
The abioticcomponent of the environment consists of the lithosphere, the atmosphere and the hydrosphere.
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Q.10 What are the causes of Environmental Change?
The main causes of the environment change are Ecospheric Influences, Cosmic Influences and Geological Influences.
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Q.11 Describe the Principal Constituents of Earth?

1. The lithosphere, which is the outer skin of the earth made up of rocks and minerals.

2. The atmosphere, which is the gas or vapour envelope around the earth.

3. The hydrosphere, which is the liquid portion of the earth, including the water vapour of the atmosphere, the water present in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes, and the water present in rocks, and.

4. The biosphere, which is the world Of living organisms that dwell on land, in water and in the air that we breathe.

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Q.12 List the two rival theories explaining the origin of the universe?
The first theory is the Big Bang theory or the super dense and the other is the steady state or the continuous creation theory.
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Q.13 How to control Noise pollution?
There are numerous methods that can help to control the noise pollution. The source of noise must be reduced. The origin of transmission of sound must be stopped and the receiver of noise must be safe guarded. The amount of traffic must be reduced near the residential homes, educational institutions and hospitals. The industries must be constructed away from the residential areas and the legal laws must be established and observed to protect the humans from noise pollution. And most importantly a general awareness programme to educate the people must be done at every place possible.
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Q.14 What is Pollution control?
Pollution control is defined as a term used in environmental management. It means the control of emissions and effluents into air, water or soil.
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Q.15 What are the major causes of Pollution?
The burning of coal greatly contributes to air pollution because the smoke coming from factories, chimneys, wood burning and vehicles releases sulphur dioxide into the air. A major cause of water pollution is disposal of industrial waste in the ocean.
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Q.16 What are the effects of Noise Pollution?
It affects the general health and hearing power of the human beings. The high intensity of noise and its continued use can cause injury to the ears. It may lead to the permanent loss of hearing. A large explosion can cause the injury to tympanic membrane. It may cause anxiety and stress which may lead to the fright.
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Q.17 How to control Radioactive Pollution?
The radioactive pollution can be controlled by numerous ways. It includes the stoppage of leakage from the radioactive materials including the nuclear reactors, industries and laboratories. The disposal of radioactive material must be safe and secure. They must be kept in safe places and must be changed into harmless form.
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Q.18 What Is Salinization Of Soil?
The increase in concentration of salts in soil which are soluble lead to the process of salination.
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Q.19 What are the factors responsible for Salinization of Soil?
Salinization of Soil depends on many factors. The poor drainage of soil leads to the accumulation of salts on the surface of soil. It may happen during floods. The quality of irrigation water also plays a crucial role.
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Q.20 How will you Control Soil Pollution?
There are numerous factors which control the soil pollution. It includes the judicial use of fertilizers and pesticides. The biological control method must be known and implemented. The Cattle grazing must be controlled and forest management should be done properly. The afforestation and reforestation must be done. Moreover, the mining ways must be improved along with their transportation. The organizations should keep in mind that mining area must not be left barren and dry.
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Q.21 What is a Pollutant?
A pollutant is defined as a waste material that pollutes air, water or soil. Three factors determine the severity of a pollutant: its chemical nature, the concentration and the persistence.
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Q.22 What are the incentives taken by industries for Pollution Control?

1. Commissioning of the standby power supply systems by chlor-alkali plants reduce mercury emission due to power failures.

2. Introduction of blending system for coal homogenisation in cement plants to ensure stable operation of the ESPs. 3. Conversion of singlehood to the double hood system in copper smelters to reduce fugitive emissions.

4. Biomethanation of the effluents in distilleries.

5. Solar evaporation ponds in small-scale water-polluting units not having CETPs in proximity.

6. Conversion of the open-hearth furnaces (OHF) to the basic oxygen furnaces (BOF) and introduction of the dry system for the quenching of the hot coke in iron & steel plants.

7. Commissioning of chemical recovery plants (CRPs) by pulp & paper industries and Change over the DCDA production method by sulphuric acid.

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Q.23 What is the meaning of Industrial Pollution?
Industrial pollution is defined as the contamination of the environment by businesses, particularly plants and factories, that dump waste products into the air and water. Industrial waste is one of the largest contributors to the global pollution problem endangering people and the environment.
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Q.24 What is titration?
Titration is defined as a process to calculate the molarity of a base or an acid. In this process, a reaction is carried out between the known volumes of a solution with a known concentration, against the known volume of a solution with an unknown concentration.
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Q.25 Explain what is the difference between fractionation and distillation?
Distillation: This technique is used when the boiling point of chemicals are different in the mixtures Fractionation: This technique is used when the boiling point of chemicals are close to each other in the mixtures
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Q.26 What is the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act?
Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 is a comprehensive legislation that regulates agencies/organizations responsible for checking on water pollution and ambit of pollution control boards both at the centre and states.
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Q.27 Explain The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981?
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 also known as, the Air Act, is an act to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution and for the establishment of Boards at the Central and State levels with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purposes.
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Q.28 Describe the Environment Protection Act, 1986?
The Environment Protection Act, 1986 also known as, the Environment Act provides for the protection and improvement of environment. The Environment Protection Act develops the framework for studying, planning and implementing long-term requirements of environmental safety and laying down a system of speedy and adequate response to situations threatening the environment.
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Q.29 What do you know about Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Rules, 2008?
Hazardous Wastes (Management, Handling and Transboundary) Rules, 2008, brought out a manual for manufacture, storage and import of hazardous chemicals and for management of hazardous wastes.
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Q.30 Explain the Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998?
Biomedical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998, were formulated along parallel lines, for proper disposal, segregation, transport, etc, of infectious wastes.
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Q.31 What is the aim of Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000?
Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, aim at enabling municipalities to dispose municipal solid waste in a scientific manner.
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Q.32 Explain the E - Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011?
The main objective of the E - Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 is to reduce the use of hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment by focusing on the threshold for use of hazardous material and to channelize the e-waste generated for environmentally sound recycling.
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Q.33 What do you understand by the Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001?
Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 trade in with the proper and effective management and handling of lead acid batteries waste. The Act calls out all manufacturers, assemblers, re-conditioners, importers, dealers, auctioneers, bulk consumers, consumers, indulged in manufacture, processing, sale, purchase and use of batteries or components thereof, to comply with the provisions of Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001.
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Q.34 What is the aim of The Biological Diversity Act, 2002?
The Act aims at the conservation of biological resources and associated knowledge as well as facilitating access to them in a sustainable manner. The National Biodiversity Authority in Chennai has been established for the purposes of implementing the objects of the Act.
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Q.35 What is the right to A Wholesome Environment?
The citizens of the country have a fundamental right to a wholesome, clean and decent environment. The Constitution of India, under the Article 48A, states that the State is under a Constitutional obligation to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and wild life in the country.
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Q.36 Explain the Fundamental Right To Water?
It is an implied right, declared through a set of laws which confer a duty upon the state through its various agencies/organizations to prevent and control water pollution. Hence, the Right to clean water is guaranteed under article 21 of Constitution of India and no one can be deprived of it.
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Q.37 State the Right to Carry on Trade vis-a-vis Duty to Protect Environment?
It is stated as follow - "It shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife and to have compassion for living creatures."
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Q.38 What is the use of Right to Information about Hazardous Installations?
The Right to Information about Hazardous Installations provides people with the hazards and identities of the chemicals they are exposed to in the workplace.
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Q.39 What is the Doctrine and Principles Evolved by the Courts?
The doctrines evolved by courts are a notable contribution to the environmental jurisprudence in India. Article 253 of the Constitution of India mentions the procedure on how decisions are made at international conventions and conferences are incorporated into the legal system. The formulation and application of the doctrines in the judicial process for environmental protection are remarkable milestones in the path of environmental law in India.
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Q.40 What do you understand by Sustainable development?
Sustainable Development means to fulfill the need of present generation without compromising the needs of future generation. Sustainable development is a balancing concept between ecology and development.
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Q.41 State the Article 48A?
Article 48A states that, "the State shall Endeavour to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard the forest and wildlife of the country.”
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Q.42 What is The Rule of Strict Liability?
The strict liability principle is an extremely significant concept under the law of torts. The basis of this principle lies in the inherent harm that some activities can inflict. For example, leaking of poisonous gasses, as it happened in the Bhopal Gas Tragedy, will attract this rule.
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Q.43 What are the Exceptions to Strict Liability?
The strict liability rule does not apply in cases involving the following exceptions: 1) Act of God 2) Wrongful act of a third party 3) Plaintiff’s own fault
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Q.44 What is the Bhopal Act?
An Act to negotiate certain powers on the Central Government to secure that claims arising out of, or connected with, the Bhopal gas leak disaster are dealt with speedily, effectively, equitably and to the best advantage of the claimants and for matters incidental thereto.
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Q.45 What was the compensation given in the Bhopal Tragedy?
The Union Carbide Corporation (UCC) gave a compensation of $470 million ( ₹715 crore ). Moreover, the survivors of the tragedy have been struggling for sufficient compensation and sufficient medical treatment for ailments caused by the toxic gas.
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Q.46 What is the Public Liability Insurance Act?
The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991 applies to all owners associated with the production or handling of any hazardous chemicals, to provide instant relief to victims and persons affected by accidents occurring while handling hazardous substances through the insurance amount paid by the owner.
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Q.47 List the Major provisions made in the Public Liability Insurance Act?
1. An accident is a sudden or unexpected incident, which is related to a hazardous substance that causes continuous or temporary exposure or injury to a person but does not result in an accident that is merely caused by war or war radioactivity. 2. To deal with hazardous substances is to manage the production, handling, packaging, storage, transportation of vehicles, use, collecting, destructing conversion, making offers for sale, removal from such hazardous substances Insurance . 3. The owner is the one who controls and handles hazardous substances at the time of the accident
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Q.48 What is the relief provided under the Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991?

1. As in Section 3 if the death or injury of another person (other than a worker) or property damage due to an accident has occurred, the owner is responsible to provide the assistance listed on the list for the death, injury, or damage.

2. In a claim for compensation under Section 1, the plaintiff does not need to declare and prove that the death, injury, or damage on which the claim was based on an action, neglecting or not showing one’s performance.

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Q.49 Who can make Application for a claim for relief?

1. The person who has sustained the injury;

2. The owner of the property to which the damage has been caused;

3. where death has resulted from the accident, by all or any of the legal representatives of the deceased; or

4. By any agent duly authorized by such person or owner of such property or all or any of the legal representatives of the deceased

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Q.50 What are the Effects of Noise Pollution?
There are numerous side effects of the noise pollution. It affects the general health and hearing power of the human beings. The high intensity of noise and its continuous use can cause injury to the ears. It may lead to the permanent loss of hearing. A large explosion can cause the injury to tympanic membrane.
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Q.51 What are the Degrees of Water Impurity?
There are distinct degrees of the water impurity. It can be due to the different organisms which differ in the tolerance level of temperature, ph, oxygen, calcium and phosphorous content. It also involves the organic matter, poisons and some pollutants.
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Q.52 What are the Details of the Programme on Pollution Control in the Problem Areas?
A programme for pollution control with concerted efforts in polluted areas was started in 1989. The programme includes identification of the polluted areas, intensive surveys of these areas for identification of polluting sources, preparation of action plans for control of these polluting sources, and implementation of the action points by the concerned responsible agencies/industries.
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Q.53 What is AQI?
The AQI stands for the Air Quality Index. An air quality index (AQI) is used by government agencies to communicate to the public how polluted the air currently is or how polluted it is forecast to become.
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Q.54 What is the National Environment Tribunal Act?
In 1995 the Central Government established the National Environment Tribunal through the National Environment Tribunal Act 1995 to provide for strict liability for damage arising out of accidents caused from the handling of hazardous substances.
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Q.55 What are the Sources Of Water Pollution ?
The principal reasons behind water pollution are the issues like population in­crease, agricultural and industrial waste generation, sewerage disposal, radioactive waste generation, etc.
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Q.56 What are the principle objectives of waste water treatment?

1. To convert the waste materials present in wastewater into stable oxidized end products.

2. To protect human health in society.

3. To recover and recycle the valuable components of wastewater.

4. To ensure wastewater is effectively disposed off on a regular and reliable basis.

5. To provide an economic method of disposal.

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