The most important objective of financial statements is to present information for the use of different categories of persons as mentioned below:
- The Management: The scope of modern business and the multiplicity of factors affecting the business operations call for an increasingly scientific and analytical approach in the management of such businesses. This is possible only when up-to-date, accurate and systematic financial records are available to the management team. Financial accounts and statements are of a very great help in understanding the progress, position and prospects of the business vis-a-vis the industry. Financial statements, by helping the management to be acquainted with the causes of the business results, enable them to formulate appropriate policies and courses of action for the future. Not only such financial statements – which are generally made public, but unpublished subsidiary accounts and statements also play an important role in policy-making and planning. Such subsidiary records provide more detailed, frank and revealing information than the financial statements. A comparative analysis of financial statements should enable management to see the trends in the progress and position of the enterprise and make suitable modifications in policies to avert unfavorable situations. It is through the release of such financial statements that the managements communicate their performance to various parties and justify their existence, and activities.
- The Public: Business is a social entity. Various groups of the society, though not directly connected with business, are interested in the progress, position and prospects of a business enterprise. These groups are financial analysts, lawyers, trade associations, labour unions, financial press, students and teachers, etc. It is only through the published financial statements that these people can analyze, judge and comment upon the business enterprise. It should be noted that these financial statements are available to the public in case of joint stock companies. In case of proprietorships or partnerships, and other form of ownership no such statements are published or made available to the public.
- The Shareholders and the Lenders: The financial statements serve as a useful guide for the shareholders and probable shareholders, the suppliers, and the lenders and probable lenders of a company. It is through a critical examination of the financial statements that these groups can come to know about the efficiency and effectiveness of the management and position, progress and prospects of the company. For this purpose, it is necessary that the financial statements should contain accurate, complete and systematic facts and figures so that these people can get a full and accurate idea regarding the present position and future of the company. Since published financial statements are the main bases available to such group of people to judge the affairs of the company, it has been found that some managements have been resorting to ‘window dressing’ in the presentation of these statements, to project a “better” than “what is” the position of the company.
- The Labour and Trade Unions: In India, workers are entitled to bonus under the Payment of Bonus Act, depending upon the size of the profit as disclosed by audited Statement of Profit & Loss. Thus, Statement of Profit & Loss becomes greatly important to the workers. In wage negotiations also, the size of profits and the profitability achieved are greatly relevant.
- The Country and Economy: Economic progress of country is to a great extent, associated with the rise and growth of joint stock companies. The divergence between ownership and management of such companies has provided an opportunity for unscrupulous and fraudulent persons to cheat and defraud the public. Such unscrupulous acts affect the industry and people in the region in which the company operates, to a significant extent. Such fraudulent activities impair the confidence of the general public in joint stock companies as forerunner of economic progress, and thus retard economic growth of the country. The solution lies in raising the level of business and financial morality of the promoters and managements and in imparting knowledge about financial statements to the public so that they can examine and assess the real worth of the company and avoid being cheated by unscrupulous persons. The law endeavors to raise the level of business morality by compelling the companies to draw up financial statements in a clear systematic form and disclose certain minimum information. Such provisions increase the confidence of the public in joint stock companies, thus enabling faster economic progress of the country.
Financial statements are also valuable for the various regulatory authorities. They can judge whether the regulations are being followed in word and spirit, and also whether the regulations are producing the desired effect or not, by evaluating the financial statements submitted by the companies.
