{"id":78930,"date":"2020-05-06T17:18:08","date_gmt":"2020-05-06T11:48:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/?p=78930"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:24:39","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T08:54:39","slug":"commonly-used-computer-terms-4","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/commonly-used-computer-terms-4\/","title":{"rendered":"Commonly Used Computer Terms\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/certified-fitness-trainer-tutorials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Go back to Tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094034\"><\/a><strong>Hardware<\/strong> &#8211; Physical components e.g. monitor, keyboard, mouse, chips, wires, buses etc.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094035\"><\/a><strong>Software<\/strong> &#8211; Instructions, programs for specific tasks but they cannot be touched.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094036\"><\/a><strong>Firmware<\/strong> &#8211; Software replaced for hardware and stored in read-only memory as in BIOS.<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277491\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156014\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878773\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316479637\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316463975\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316397364\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316396237\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316045614\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc292879228\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc292094038\"><\/a><strong><u>Units of a computer system<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Input<\/strong> <strong>Unit<\/strong> &#8211; Data is accepted from the user by it like keyboard, mouse etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Output<\/strong> <strong>Unit<\/strong> &#8211; Data output and feedback is given by it like printer, monitor etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Storage<\/strong> <strong>Unit<\/strong> &#8211; Stores data and results of processing like hard disk, optical disk, pen drive, etc.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Central<\/strong> <strong>Processing<\/strong> <strong>Unit<\/strong> \u2013 Both control unit and arithmetic logical unit are called CPU.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Arithmetic Logical Unit &#8211;<\/strong> It is responsible for arithmetic and logical computations.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Control Unit &#8211;<\/strong> It maintains order by controlling flow of information.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277492\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156015\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878774\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc292094043\"><\/a><strong><u>Representation of information<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094047\"><\/a><strong>Data<\/strong> \u2013 It is meaningless and is raw fact as number, character etc. like count of items sold.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Information<\/strong> \u2013 It is meaningful and processed data like which product sells most.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094045\"><\/a><strong>Binary<\/strong> <strong>Number<\/strong> <strong>System<\/strong> \u2013 It uses two symbols to represent data, i.e. 0 and 1 and its base is 2.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094046\"><\/a><strong>Memory<\/strong> <strong>Size<\/strong> (Bit, Byte, KB, MB) &#8211;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"82\"><strong>Unit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Equals<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>&nbsp;<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Unit<\/strong><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><strong>Equals<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"82\">1 Bit<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">&nbsp;0 or 1<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">1 KB<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">&nbsp;1024 bytes<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"82\">1 Nibble<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">&nbsp;4 bits<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">1 MB<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">&nbsp;1024 KB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"82\">1 Byte<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">&nbsp;8 bits<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">1 GB<\/td>\n<td width=\"98\">&nbsp;1024 MB<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p><strong>ASCII<\/strong> &#8211; Computer stores data in a coded form usually the American standard code for information technology (ASCII) is used, which can represent 256 different symbols by using 8 bits.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc369277493\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156016\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878775\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316479636\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316463974\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316397363\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316396236\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc316045613\"><\/a><strong>Basic Operations of a Computer \u2013 Input, Process and Output<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Input<\/strong> \u2013 The process of entering the data and instruction to computer for processing.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Process<\/strong> \u2013 It refers to processing in CPU on the data, as per the given instructions.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Output<\/strong> &#8211; The process of output of the data from the computer system to user.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277494\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156017\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878777\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc292094048\"><\/a><strong><u>Input Devices<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094049\"><\/a><strong>Keyboard<\/strong> \u2013 It is like a typewriter keyboard with 101 keys arranged in 5 groups as<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094050\"><\/a><strong>Mouse<\/strong> &#8211; A pointing device used to position the pointer, to create graphics, for click and drag-and-drop. Ball or optical mouse is connected by PS\/2 port or USB port to computer.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Scanners<\/strong> &#8211; It converts printed image to electronic form by using light.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Touch Screens and Voice Recognition Devices are also some other input devices.<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277495\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156018\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878778\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc292094052\"><\/a><strong><u>Output Devices<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094058\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc292094053\"><\/a><strong>Monitor<\/strong> &#8211; It is similar to television giving a soft copy output. Earlier monochrome or Colour CRT monitors were used but now LED &amp; LCD.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094054\"><\/a><strong>Printers<\/strong> &#8211; It produces hard copy output on paper like laser or inkjet printers.<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277496\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156019\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878779\"><\/a><strong><u>Storage Devices<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094073\"><\/a>It is consist of primary and secondary memory.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094059\"><\/a><strong>Primary<\/strong> <strong>Storage<\/strong> <strong>Devices<\/strong> \u2013 It is internal storage and consists of cache, ROM &amp; RAM.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>RAM (Random Access Memory) &#8211; It is read\/write volatile memory storing temporary data in MB.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094061\"><\/a>ROM (Read Only Memory) &#8211; It stores data permanently which can only be read like BIOS.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094063\"><\/a>Cache &#8211; It is used for speeding up the data supply to CPU and stores frequently used data in KB.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094064\"><\/a><strong>Secondary<\/strong> <strong>Storage<\/strong> <strong>Devices<\/strong> \u2013 It is usually external storage and consists of disk and flash.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hard<\/em><em>Disk<\/em><em>Drive<\/em> \u2013 It is used for mass storage with direct access.&nbsp; It is non-volatile in sizes like 3.5\u201d, 5.5\u201d and 8\u201d. It has disk platters on a spindle, with read\/write head having 250-1024 GB capacity.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094068\"><\/a><em>Optical<\/em> <em>Disk<\/em> &#8211; Laser beam burns disk surface to write and low power reflected beam to read. It has speed rating or data transfer speed where 1X refers to 150 Kbps. CD-ROM and DVD are examples with 700 MB and 4.3 GB capacity. Blue ray is upcoming technology with 50 GB data.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094069\"><\/a>Flash Memory \u2013 It uses semiconductor memory and is used in USB drives, memory cards, etc.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Data can be read or written to it and device can be detached to transfer or move data.<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094070\"><\/a><strong>Central<\/strong> <strong>Processing<\/strong> <strong>Unit<\/strong> <strong>(C.P.U)<\/strong> &#8211; It executes given commands and is the mind of computer.<\/p>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277497\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156020\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878780\"><\/a><strong><u>Types of Software<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094091\"><\/a>Software is instructions, programs to execute and it is classified as<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094074\"><\/a><strong>System<\/strong> <strong>Software<\/strong> &#8211; It has direct interface with hardware Windows XP, Linux and consist of<a name=\"_Toc292094075\"><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Operating System Software <\/strong>&#8211; It controls the hardware and running of the application software like Linux, Windows XP\/2003, MS-DOS. It does resource (CPU, memory) and task management with command interpretation (by a user interface graphical or character).<\/p>\n<p><a name=\"_Toc292094077\"><\/a><strong>Application<\/strong> <strong>Software<\/strong> \u2013It needs system software and it fulfill a specific user\u2019s requirement like<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Word Processing Software \u2013 It create and edit letters, reports, etc. like MS-Word<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094079\"><\/a>Spreadsheet Software \u2013 It store and process data in columns and rows like MS-Excel.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094081\"><\/a>Presentation Graphics Software \u2013 It is used to create slides for presentations like MS-PowerPoint.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><a name=\"_Toc369277498\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc350156021\"><\/a><a name=\"_Toc339878781\"><\/a><strong><u>Disk Organization<\/u><\/strong><strong><u> Terms<\/u><\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094093\"><\/a><strong>Boot<\/strong> <strong>Record<\/strong> &#8211; It is in the first sector of disk drive, from where the operating system is loaded into the memory when the computer is started.<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094094\"><\/a><strong>Disk<\/strong> <strong>partitioning<\/strong> &#8211; Process of creating primary and extended partitions on disk drive.<\/li>\n<li><strong>File<\/strong> <strong>System<\/strong> &#8211; It is a way to organize data on storage device (hard disk) and like NTFS, FAT, etc<\/li>\n<li><a name=\"_Toc292094095\"><\/a><strong>File<\/strong> <strong>Allocation<\/strong> <strong>Table (FAT)<\/strong> &#8211; It is a file system used by MS-DOS and MS-WINDOWS.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/health-nutrition-and-well-being\/certified-fitness-trainer\"><strong>Certified Fitness Trainer<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/certified-fitness-trainer-tutorials\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Go back to Tutorial<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Go back to Tutorial Hardware &#8211; Physical components e.g. monitor, keyboard, mouse, chips, wires, buses etc. Software &#8211; Instructions, programs for specific tasks but they cannot be touched. Firmware &#8211; Software replaced for hardware and stored in read-only memory as in BIOS. Units of a computer system Input Unit &#8211; Data is accepted from the&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5740],"tags":[9133],"class_list":["post-78930","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-health-nutrition-well-being","tag-certified-fitness-trainer"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Commonly Used Computer Terms\u00a0 - Tutorial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Commonly Used Computer Terms\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/commonly-used-computer-terms-4\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Commonly Used Computer Terms\u00a0 - 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