{"id":72596,"date":"2020-01-14T15:51:45","date_gmt":"2020-01-14T10:21:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/?p=72596"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:22:55","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T08:52:55","slug":"javascript-7","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/javascript-7\/","title":{"rendered":"JavaScript"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>JavaScript is a programming language that allows you to implement complex things on web pages \u2014 every time a web page does more than just sit there and display static information for you to look at \u2014 displaying timely content updates, or interactive maps, or animated 2D\/3D graphics, or scrolling video jukeboxes, etc. \u2014 you can bet that JavaScript is probably involved. It is the third layer of the layer cake of standard web technologies, two of which (HTML and CSS).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Why use JavaScript<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>all browsers process JavaScript<\/li>\n<li>\u202fmany web services rely on JavaScript in browser<\/li>\n<li>\u202fcan use it in your own web pages<\/li>\n<li>\u202fcan understand what other web pages are doing (and steal from them)<\/li>\n<li>easy to start with<\/li>\n<li>easy to do useful things with it<\/li>\n<li>programming ideas carry over into other languages<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Data Types<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In JavaScript there are two different kinds of data: primitives, and objects. A primitive is simply a data type that is not an object, and has no methods.<\/p>\n<p>In JS, there are six primitive data types: Boolean, Number, String, Null, Undefined, Symbol.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Boolean<\/strong> &#8211; A boolean represents only one of two values: true, or false. Think of a boolean as an on\/off or a yes\/no switch.<\/p>\n<p>var boo1 = true;<\/p>\n<p>var boo2 = false;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Number<\/strong> &#8211; There is only one type of Number in JavaScript. Numbers can be written with or without a decimal point. A number can also be +Infinity, -Infinity, and NaN (not a number).<\/p>\n<p>var num1 = 32;<\/p>\n<p>var num2 = +Infinity;<\/p>\n<p><strong>String <\/strong>&#8211; Strings are used for storing text. Strings must be inside of either double or single quotes. In JS, Strings are immutable (they cannot be changed).<\/p>\n<p>var str1 = &#8216;hello, it is me&#8217;;<\/p>\n<p>var str2 = &#8220;hello, it&#8217;s me&#8221;;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Null<\/strong> &#8211; Null has one value: null. It is explicitly nothing.<\/p>\n<p>var nothing = null;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Undefined<\/strong> &#8211; A variable that has no value is undefined.<\/p>\n<p>var testVar;<\/p>\n<p>console.log(testVar); \/\/ undefined<\/p>\n<p><strong>Symbol<\/strong> &#8211; Symbols are new in ES6. A Symbol is an immutable primitive value that is unique. For the sake of brevity, that is the extent that this article will cover Symbols.<\/p>\n<p>const mySymbol = Symbol(&#8216;mySymbol&#8217;);<\/p>\n<p><strong>Objects<\/strong> &#8211; Objects are not a primitive data Type.<\/p>\n<p>An object is a collection of properties. These properties are stored in key\/value pairs. Properties can reference any type of data, including objects and\/or primitive values.<\/p>\n<p>var obj = {<\/p>\n<p>key1: &#8216;value&#8217;,<\/p>\n<p>key2: &#8216;value&#8217;,<\/p>\n<p>key3: true,<\/p>\n<p>key4: 32,<\/p>\n<p>key5: {}<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p><strong>Loosely Typed<\/strong> &#8211; JavaScript is a loosely typed language. This means you don\u2019t have to declare a variable\u2019s type. JavaScript automatically determines it for you. It also means that a variables type can change. Let\u2019s look at an example:<\/p>\n<p>We\u2019ll create a variable named car and set it equal to a string value: var car = &#8216;ford&#8217;;<\/p>\n<p>Later, we realize we want the value of car to be the year it was made, so we change car to a number:<\/p>\n<p>car = 1998;<\/p>\n<p>It works\u200a\u2014\u200aand JavaScript could care less. Because JS is loosely typed, we are free to change variable types as we please.<\/p>\n<h3>Using Variables, Objects and Arrays<\/h3>\n<p>var str = &#8220;Hello&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ local variable, when inside a function<\/p>\n<p>str2 = &#8220;Hello World&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\/\/ global variable in default context (window.str2)<\/p>\n<p>str3 = &#8216;My quote char: &#8221; &#8216;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ single or double quote<\/p>\n<p>str4 = &#8220;My really really really \\<\/p>\n<p>really long string broken into \\<\/p>\n<p>multiple lines&#8221;;<\/p>\n<p>str = 19;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ change to int<\/p>\n<p>str = 0xfe + 2.343 + 2.5e3;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ hex, floats, exp<\/p>\n<p>var newObject = new Object();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ constructor<\/p>\n<p>newObject = {};\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ shorthand for same<\/p>\n<p>newObject.name = &#8220;bob&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ dynamic attributes<\/p>\n<p>newObject.name = null\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ it&#8217;s there (null item)<\/p>\n<p>delete newObject.name\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ it&#8217;s gone (undefined)<\/p>\n<p>newObject[&#8220;real age&#8221;] = 33;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ array notation\/hash table<\/p>\n<p>var obj = {\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ create object using JSON<\/p>\n<p>name: &#8220;Bob&#8221;,\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/\u00a0\u00a0 aka JavaScript Object Notation<\/p>\n<p>details: {<\/p>\n<p>age: 33,<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;favorite color&#8221;: &#8220;green&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>obj.name<\/p>\n<p>obj.details[&#8220;favorite color&#8221;]\n<p>var newArray = [];\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ no size<\/p>\n<p>newArray[3] = &#8220;hi&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ grows dynamically<\/p>\n<p>newArray[2] = 13;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ any type<\/p>\n<p>newArray.push(newObject);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ add new item<\/p>\n<p>newArray.pop();\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ remove it<\/p>\n<h3>Comparisons and Manipulations<\/h3>\n<p>JavaScript has some funky types and comparisons.<\/p>\n<p>\/* javascript types *\/<\/p>\n<p>typeof(&#8220;string&#8221;) == &#8220;string&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>typeof(3) == typeof(3.4) == typeof(0x34) == &#8220;number&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>typeof(myObject) == typeof(myArray) == &#8220;object&#8221; \/\/ arrays are objects<\/p>\n<p>typeof(true) == typeof(1 == 2) == &#8220;boolean&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>typeof(Math.sin) == &#8220;function&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>typeof(notthere) == &#8220;undefined&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>\/* comparisons *\/<\/p>\n<p>123 == &#8220;123&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ true =&gt; converts type<\/p>\n<p>123 === &#8220;123&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ false =&gt; checks type<\/p>\n<p>typeof(x) == &#8220;undefined&#8221;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ x isn&#8217;t there<\/p>\n<p>x == null\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ x is defined, but null<\/p>\n<p>\/* Numbers *\/<\/p>\n<p>parseInt(&#8220;123&#8221;)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ base 10 =&gt; 123<\/p>\n<p>parseInt(&#8220;123&#8221;, 16);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ base 16 =&gt; 291<\/p>\n<p>parseFloat(&#8220;123.43&#8221;);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ 123.43<\/p>\n<p>isNaN(0\/0) == true\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ illegal number<\/p>\n<p>3\/0 == Infinity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ legal&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>-3\/0 == -Infinity\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/<\/p>\n<p>isFinite(3\/0) == false\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ &#8230; but not finite<\/p>\n<p>\/* regular expression (regex) string comparisons *\/<\/p>\n<p>matches = &#8220;hello&#8221;.match(\/h..\/)\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ returns array [&#8220;hel&#8221;] or null<\/p>\n<p>re = new RegExp(&#8220;h..&#8221;, &#8220;ig&#8221;);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ construct regexp &#8212; no slashes<\/p>\n<p>matches = &#8220;hello&#8221;.match(re);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ use it<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;hello&#8221;.replace(\/h\/,&#8221;b&#8221;)\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ =&gt; &#8220;bello&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Conditionals and Loops<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p>if (str == &#8220;Hello&#8221;){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ if-else<\/p>\n<p>alert(&#8220;Hi&#8221;);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ popup dialog<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>else{<\/p>\n<p>alert(&#8220;something is wrong!&#8221;);<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>a = 3, b = 4;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ multi-assigment<\/p>\n<p>c = a &gt; b ? a : b;\u00a0 \/\/ c gets bigger item (b)<\/p>\n<p>switch (name){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ switch statement<\/p>\n<p>case &#8220;Bob&#8221;:<\/p>\n<p>alert(&#8220;Hi Bob!&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>break<\/p>\n<p>case &#8220;Joe&#8221;:<\/p>\n<p>alert(&#8220;Hey Joe.&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>break<\/p>\n<p>default: alert(&#8220;Do I know you?&#8221;)<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>while (i &lt; n){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ the basics<\/p>\n<p>\/\/ do something<\/p>\n<p>i++;<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>for (var i=0; i&lt;n; i++){<\/p>\n<p>\/\/ do something else<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>for (var key in obj){<\/p>\n<p>\/\/ do something with obj[key]\n<p>}<\/p>\n<h3>Defining Functions<\/h3>\n<p>function foo(a,b){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ global function<\/p>\n<p>return a + b;<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>var fn = function(a,b){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ save function as variable&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>return foo(a,b);<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>obj.fn = function(a,b){\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ &#8230;or as part of object<\/p>\n<p>return a + b;<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>function bar(a,b){<\/p>\n<p>var n = 1;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ local var<\/p>\n<p>function helper(x) {\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ inner function&#8230;<\/p>\n<p>return 1\/Math.sqrt(x + n);\u00a0 \/\/ .. can use local vars<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>return helper(input);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ avoid need for global function<\/p>\n<p>}<\/p>\n<p>foo(1,2) == fn(1,2) == 3;\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ true<\/p>\n<h3>Browser Document Object Model (DOM), and GUI<\/h3>\n<p>Find and change HTML elements.<\/p>\n<p>alert(&#8220;message&#8221;);\u00a0 \/\/ messagebox with &#8220;OK&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>var choice = confirm(&#8220;message&#8221;);\u00a0 \/\/ OK\/CANCEL true or false<\/p>\n<p>var input = prompt(&#8220;message&#8221;, &#8220;default value&#8221;); \/\/ enter a value; null if cancelled<\/p>\n<p>x = document.getElementById(&#8220;foo&#8221;);\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ finds &lt;div id=&#8221;foo&#8221;&gt;&lt;\/div&gt;<\/p>\n<p>x.style.background = &#8220;#333&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ set CSS style<\/p>\n<p>x.style.borderLeft = &#8220;1px solid #ccc&#8221;; \/\/ border-left =&gt; borderLeft (camelCase)<\/p>\n<p>x.className = &#8220;myclass&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ set CSS class<\/p>\n<p>x.innerHTML = &#8220;Hello&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ set html inside div<\/p>\n<p>y = document.getElementById(&#8220;myinput&#8221;); \/\/ input area\/textarea<\/p>\n<p>y.value = &#8220;Hi&#8221;;\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \/\/ get or set text<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>JavaScript is a programming language that allows you to implement complex things on web pages \u2014 every time a web page does more than just sit there and display static information for you to look at \u2014 displaying timely content updates, or interactive maps, or animated 2D\/3D graphics, or scrolling video jukeboxes, etc. \u2014 you&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[8453],"tags":[311],"class_list":["post-72596","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","category-node-js","tag-javascript"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>JavaScript - Tutorial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/javascript-7\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"JavaScript - Tutorial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"JavaScript is a programming language that allows you to implement 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