{"id":108461,"date":"2021-02-16T10:27:46","date_gmt":"2021-02-16T04:57:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/?page_id=108461"},"modified":"2024-04-12T14:29:59","modified_gmt":"2024-04-12T08:59:59","slug":"ferrous-and-non-ferrous-metals","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/ferrous-and-non-ferrous-metals\/","title":{"rendered":"Ferrous and Non-ferrous metals"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Ferrous<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ferrous metals are metals consisting iron as their main constituent. These metals have been used in building construction purposes since prehistoric times. In fact iron which is the most popular metal constitutes approximately 4.60% of the crust. The three most important ferrous metals are Cast iron, Wrought iron and Steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ferrous&nbsp;(Fe<sup>2+<\/sup>), in&nbsp;chemistry, indicates a&nbsp;divalent&nbsp;iron&nbsp;compound (+2&nbsp;oxidation state), as opposed to&nbsp;ferric, which indicates a&nbsp;trivalent&nbsp;iron compound (+3 oxidation state).&nbsp;This usage has mostly been deprecated, with current&nbsp;IUPAC&nbsp;nomenclature having names containing the oxidation state in bracketed Roman numerals instead, such as&nbsp;iron(II) oxide&nbsp;for ferrous oxide (FeO), and&nbsp;iron(III) oxide&nbsp;for ferric oxide (Fe<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>3<\/sub>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pig Iron &#8211; The crude impure iron which is extracted from iron ores is known as pig iron and forms the basic material for the manufacture of cast iron, wrought iron and steel. Pig iron&nbsp;is the&nbsp;intermediate product&nbsp;of&nbsp;smelting&nbsp;iron ore&nbsp;with a high-carbon fuel such as&nbsp;coke, usually with&nbsp;limestone&nbsp;as a&nbsp;flux. It is the molten iron from the&nbsp;blast furnace, which is a large and cylinder-shaped furnace charged with iron ore, coke, and limestone. Charcoal&nbsp;and anthracite&nbsp;have also been used as fuel. Pig iron has a very high&nbsp;carbon&nbsp;content, typically 3.5\u20134.5%,&nbsp;along with silica and other constituents of&nbsp;dross, which makes it very&nbsp;brittle&nbsp;and not useful directly as a material except for limited applications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The traditional shape of the molds used for pig iron&nbsp;ingots&nbsp;was a branching structure formed in&nbsp;sand, with many individual ingots at right angles to a central channel or&nbsp;runner.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Such a configuration is similar in appearance to a litter of&nbsp;piglets&nbsp;being&nbsp;suckled&nbsp;by a sow, when the metal had cooled and hardened, the smaller ingots (the&nbsp;pigs) were simply broken from the much thinner runner (the&nbsp;sow), hence the name pig iron. As pig iron is intended for re-melting, the uneven size of the ingots and the inclusion of small amounts of sand caused only insignificant problems considering the ease of casting and handling them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Properties of pig iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>It can be hardened but not tempered<\/li><li>It cannot be magnetized<\/li><li>It cannot be welded or riveted<\/li><li>It does not rust<\/li><li>It is difficult to bend<\/li><li>It is hard and brittle<\/li><li>Neither ductile nor malleable<\/li><li>Melts easily at a temperature of about 1200<sup>o<\/sup>C<\/li><li>High compressive strength but weak in tension<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Types of pig iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Bessemer pig iron<\/li><li>White pig iron<\/li><li>Grey pig iron<\/li><li>Mottled pig iron<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Cast Iron &#8211; Cast iron is manufactured by re-melting pig iron with coke and limestone. This re-melting process is carried out in a Cupola furnace<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cast iron&nbsp;is&nbsp;iron&nbsp;or a&nbsp;ferrous&nbsp;alloy&nbsp;which has been heated until it liquefies, and is then poured into a mould to solidify. It is usually made from&nbsp;pig iron. The alloy constituents affect its colour when fractured:&nbsp;white cast iron&nbsp;has&nbsp;carbide&nbsp;impurities which allow cracks to pass straight through.&nbsp;Grey cast iron&nbsp;has graphite flakes which deflect a passing crack and initiate countless new cracks as the material breaks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Carbon&nbsp;(C) and&nbsp;silicon&nbsp;(Si) are the main alloying elements, with the amount ranging from 2.1\u20134&nbsp;wt% and 1\u20133&nbsp;wt%, respectively. Iron alloys with less carbon content are known as&nbsp;steel. While this technically makes these base alloys ternary Fe\u2013C\u2013Si alloys, the principle of cast iron solidification is understood from the&nbsp;binary&nbsp;iron\u2013carbon phase diagram. Since the compositions of most cast irons are around the&nbsp;eutectic point&nbsp;of the iron\u2013carbon system, the melting temperatures closely correlate, usually ranging from 1,150 to 1,200&nbsp;\u00b0C (2,100 to 2,190&nbsp;\u00b0F), which is about 300&nbsp;\u00b0C (572&nbsp;\u00b0F) lower than the melting point of pure iron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cast iron tends to be&nbsp;brittle, except for&nbsp;malleable cast irons. With its relatively low melting point, good fluidity,&nbsp;cast ability, excellent machinability, resistance to deformation and wear resistance, cast irons have become an&nbsp;engineering material&nbsp;with a wide range of applications and are used in pipes, machines and&nbsp;automotive industry&nbsp;parts, such as&nbsp;cylinder heads&nbsp;(declining usage),&nbsp;cylinder blocks&nbsp;and&nbsp;gearbox&nbsp;cases (declining usage). It is resistant to destruction and weakening by&nbsp;oxidation&nbsp;(rust).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The earliest cast iron artifacts date to the 5th century BC, and were discovered by&nbsp;archaeologists&nbsp;in what is now modern&nbsp;Luhe County, Jiangsu in China. Cast iron was used in ancient China for warfare, agriculture, and architecture.&nbsp;During the 15th century, cast iron became utilized for artillery in&nbsp;Burgundy, France, and in England during the&nbsp;Reformation.&nbsp;The first cast iron bridge was built during the 1770s by&nbsp;Abraham Darby III, and is known as&nbsp;The Iron Bridge. Cast iron is also used in the&nbsp;construction of buildings<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Properties of Cast iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Becomes soft in salt water<\/li><li>Can be hardened by heating but cannot be tempered<\/li><li>Cannot be magnetized<\/li><li>Does not rust easily<\/li><li>It is fusible<\/li><li>It is hard and brittle<\/li><li>Not ductile<\/li><li>Melting point is at about 1250<sup>o<\/sup>C<\/li><li>Shrinks on cooling and has a granular and crystalline structure<\/li><li>Lacks plasticity<\/li><li>Weak in tension but strong in compression<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Types of cast iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Grey cast iron<\/li><li>White cast iron<\/li><li>Mottled cast iron<\/li><li>Chilled cast iron<\/li><li>Malleable cast iron<\/li><li>Toughened cast iron<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Wrought Iron &#8211; Wrought iron&nbsp;is an&nbsp;iron&nbsp;alloy&nbsp;with a very low&nbsp;carbon&nbsp;(0.1 to 0.25%) content in contrast to&nbsp;cast iron&nbsp;(2.1% to 4%), and has fibrous inclusions, known as&nbsp;slag&nbsp;up to 2% by weight. It is a semi-fused mass of iron with slag inclusions which gives it a &#8220;grain&#8221; resembling wood, that is visible when it is etched or bent to the point of failure. Wrought iron is tough, malleable, ductile and easily&nbsp;welded. Before the development of effective methods of&nbsp;steelmaking&nbsp;and the availability of large quantities of steel, wrought iron was the most common form of malleable iron. A modest amount of wrought iron was used as a raw material for refining into steel, which was used mainly to produces words,&nbsp;cutlery, chisels,&nbsp;axes&nbsp;and other edged tools as well as springs and files. The demand for wrought iron reached its peak in the 1860s with the adaptation of&nbsp;ironclad warships&nbsp;and&nbsp;railways, but then declined as&nbsp;mild steel&nbsp;quality problems such as brittleness were solved and it became inexpensive and widely available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Many items, before they came to be made of mild steel, were produced from wrought iron, including&nbsp;rivets,&nbsp;nails,&nbsp;wire,&nbsp;chains,&nbsp;rails,&nbsp;railway couplings,&nbsp;water&nbsp;and steam pipes,&nbsp;nuts,&nbsp;bolts,&nbsp;horseshoes,&nbsp;handrails, straps for timber&nbsp;roof trusses, and&nbsp;ornamental ironwork.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Wrought iron is no longer produced on a commercial scale. Many products described as wrought iron, such as&nbsp;guard rails,&nbsp;garden furniture&nbsp;and&nbsp;gates, are made of mild steel.&nbsp;They retain that description because in the past they were wrought (worked) by hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Properties of wrought iron<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Becomes soft in white heat and can be forged and welded easily<\/li><li>Can be magnetized temporarily<\/li><li>Fuses with difficulty<\/li><li>Ductile, Malleable and tough<\/li><li>Moderately elastic<\/li><li>Unaffected by saline water<\/li><li>Resists corrosion<\/li><li>Melting point 1500<sup>o<\/sup>C<\/li><li>Strong in both tension and compression<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Steel &#8211; Steel&nbsp;is an&nbsp;alloy&nbsp;of&nbsp;iron&nbsp;and&nbsp;carbon&nbsp;that is widely used in construction and other applications because of its&nbsp;hardness&nbsp;and&nbsp;tensile strength. Carbon, other elements, and inclusions within iron act as hardening agents that prevent the movement of&nbsp;dislocations&nbsp;that naturally exist in the iron atom&nbsp;crystal lattices. The carbon in typical steel alloys may contribute up to 2.1% of its weight. Varying the amount of alloying elements, their form in the steel either as solute elements, or as precipitated phases, retards the movement of those dislocations that make iron so ductile and weak, and thus controls qualities such as the&nbsp;hardness,&nbsp;ductility, and&nbsp;tensile strength&nbsp;of the resulting steel. Steel&#8217;s strength compared to pure iron is only possible at the expense of&nbsp;ductility, of which iron has an excess.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Although steel had been produced in&nbsp;bloomery&nbsp;furnaces for thousands of years, steel&#8217;s use expanded extensively after more efficient production methods were devised in the 17th century for&nbsp;blister steel&nbsp;and then&nbsp;crucible steel. With the invention of the&nbsp;Bessemer processing the mid-19th century, a new era of&nbsp;mass-produced&nbsp;steel began. This was followed by&nbsp;Siemens-Martin process&nbsp;and then&nbsp;Gilchrist-Thomas process&nbsp;that refined the quality of steel. With their introductions, mild steel replaced&nbsp;wrought iron.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further refinements in the process, such as&nbsp;basic oxygen steelmaking&nbsp;(BOS), further lowered the cost of production, while increasing the quality of the metal and largely replaced earlier methods. Today, steel is one of the most common materials in the world, with more than 1.3 billion tons produced annually. It is a major component in buildings, infrastructure, tools, ships,&nbsp;automobiles, machines, appliances, and weapons. Modern steel is generally identified by various grades defined by assorted&nbsp;standards organizations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Properties of mild steel<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Can be permanently magnetized<\/li><li>Can be readily forged and welded<\/li><li>Easily hardened and tempered<\/li><li>Malleable and ductile<\/li><li>Has a fibrous structure<\/li><li>Not easily attacked by saline water<\/li><li>Tougher and more elastic than wrought iron<\/li><li>Relative strong in both tension and compression<\/li><li>Rusts easily and rapidly<\/li><li>Properties of hard steel<\/li><li>Easily hardened and tempered<\/li><li>Can be magnetized permanently<\/li><li>Cannot be forged and welded<\/li><li>Has a granular structure<\/li><li>Tougher and more elastic than mild steel<\/li><li>Rusts easily and rapidly<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Non Ferrous<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aluminium &#8211; Aluminium&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;in the&nbsp;boron group&nbsp;with symbol&nbsp;Al&nbsp;and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;13. It is a silvery white, soft, ductile&nbsp;metal. Aluminium is&nbsp;the third most abundant element&nbsp;(after&nbsp;oxygen&nbsp;and&nbsp;silicon), and the&nbsp;most abundant metal&nbsp;in the&nbsp;Earth&#8217;s&nbsp;crust. It makes up about 8% by weight of the Earth&#8217;s solid surface. Aluminium metal is so chemically reactive that native specimens&nbsp;are rare and limited to extreme&nbsp;reducing&nbsp;environments. Instead, it is found combined in over 270 different minerals.&nbsp;The chief&nbsp;ore&nbsp;of aluminium is&nbsp;bauxite.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Aluminium is remarkable for the metal&#8217;s low&nbsp;density&nbsp;and for its ability to resist&nbsp;corrosion&nbsp;due to the phenomenon of&nbsp;passivation. Structural components made from aluminium and its&nbsp;alloys&nbsp;are vital to the&nbsp;aerospace&nbsp;industry and are important in other areas of transportation&nbsp;and structural materials. The most useful compounds of aluminium, at least on a weight basis, are the&nbsp;oxides&nbsp;and sulfates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Despite its prevalence in the environment, no known form of life uses aluminium&nbsp;salts&nbsp;metabolically. In keeping with its pervasiveness, aluminium is well tolerated by plants and animals.&nbsp;Owing to their prevalence, potential beneficial (or otherwise) biological roles of aluminium compounds are of continuing interest.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cobalt &#8211; Cobalt&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;with symbol&nbsp;Co&nbsp;and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth&#8217;s crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural&nbsp;meteoric iron. The free element, produced by reductive&nbsp;smelting, is a hard, lustrous, silver-gray&nbsp;metal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cobalt-based blue pigments (cobalt blue) have been used since ancient times for jewelry and paints, and to impart a distinctive blue tint to glass, but the color was later thought by alchemists to be due to the known metal&nbsp;bismuth.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cobalt is primarily used as the metal, in the preparation of&nbsp;magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength&nbsp;alloys. Its compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl<sub>2<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to&nbsp;glass,&nbsp;smalt,&nbsp;ceramics,&nbsp;inks,&nbsp;paints&nbsp;and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable&nbsp;isotope, cobalt-59.&nbsp;Cobalt-60&nbsp;is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a&nbsp;radioactive tracer&nbsp;and for the production of high intensity&nbsp;gamma rays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cobalt is a&nbsp;ferromagnetic&nbsp;metal with a&nbsp;specific gravity&nbsp;of 8.9. The&nbsp;Curie temperature&nbsp;is 1115&nbsp;\u00b0C&nbsp;and the magnetic moment is 1.6\u20131.7&nbsp;Bohr magnetons&nbsp;per&nbsp;atom.&nbsp;Cobalt has a permeability of &nbsp;two thirds that of&nbsp;iron.&nbsp;Metallic&nbsp;cobalt occurs as two&nbsp;crystallographic structures:&nbsp;hcp&nbsp;and&nbsp;fcc. The ideal transition temperature between the hcp and fcc structures is 450&nbsp;\u00b0C, but in practice, the energy difference is so small that random intergrowth of the two is common.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cobalt is a weakly reducing metal that is protected from oxidation by a&nbsp;passivating&nbsp;oxide&nbsp;film. It is attacked by&nbsp;halogens&nbsp;and&nbsp;sulfur. Heating in&nbsp;oxygen&nbsp;produces&nbsp;Co<sub>3<\/sub>O<sub>4<\/sub>&nbsp;which loses oxygen at 900 \u00b0C to give the&nbsp;monoxide&nbsp;CoO.&nbsp;The metal reacts with&nbsp;Fluorine gas&nbsp;(F<sub>2<\/sub>) at 520&nbsp;K to giveCoF<sub>3<\/sub>; with&nbsp;chlorine&nbsp;(Cl<sub>2<\/sub>),&nbsp;bromine&nbsp;(Br<sub>2<\/sub>) and&nbsp;iodine&nbsp;(I<sub>2<\/sub>), the corresponding binary&nbsp;halides&nbsp;are formed. It does not react with&nbsp;hydrogen gas&nbsp;(H<sub>2<\/sub>) or&nbsp;nitrogen gas&nbsp;(N<sub>2<\/sub>) even when heated, but it does react with&nbsp;boron,&nbsp;carbon,&nbsp;phosphorus,&nbsp;arsenic&nbsp;and&nbsp;sulphur.&nbsp;At ordinary temperatures, it reacts slowly with&nbsp;mineral acids, and very slowly with moist, but not with dry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Copper &#8211; Copper&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;with the symbol&nbsp;Cu&nbsp;(from&nbsp;Latin:&nbsp;cuprum) and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;29. It is a&nbsp;ductile&nbsp;metal with very high thermal&nbsp;and&nbsp;electrical conductivity. Pure copper is soft and malleable; a freshly exposed surface has a reddish-orange color. It is used as a conductor of heat and electricity, a building material, and a constituent of various metal&nbsp;alloys. Copper is essential to all living organisms as a trace&nbsp;dietary mineral&nbsp;because it is a key constituent of the respiratory enzyme complexcytochrome oxidase. In&nbsp;molluscs&nbsp;and&nbsp;crustacea&nbsp;copper is a constituent of the blood pigment&nbsp;hemocyanin, which is replaced by the iron-complexed&nbsp;hemoglobin&nbsp;in fish and other&nbsp;vertebrates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The main areas where copper is found in humans are liver, muscle and bone.&nbsp;Copper compounds are used as&nbsp;bacteriostatic substances,&nbsp;fungicides, and wood preservatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Lead &#8211; Lead&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;in the&nbsp;carbon group&nbsp;with symbol&nbsp;Pb&nbsp;(from&nbsp;Latin:&nbsp;plumbum) and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;82. Lead is a soft and malleable&nbsp;metal, which is regarded as a&nbsp;heavy metal&nbsp;and any&nbsp;other metal. Metallic lead has a bluish-white color after being freshly cut, but it soon&nbsp;tarnishes&nbsp;to a dull grayish color when exposed to air. Lead has a shiny chrome-silver luster when it is melted into a liquid. It is also the heaviest non-radioactive&nbsp;element. Lead is used in building construction,&nbsp;lead-acid batteries,&nbsp;bullets&nbsp;and&nbsp;shot, weights, as part of&nbsp;solders,&nbsp;pewters,&nbsp;fusible alloys, and as a&nbsp;radiation shield. Lead has the highest&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;of all of the&nbsp;stable elements, although the next higher element,&nbsp;bismuth, has a half-life&nbsp;that is so long (over one billion times the estimated age of the universe) that it can be considered stable. Its four stable isotopes&nbsp;have 82&nbsp;protons, a&nbsp;magic number&nbsp;in the&nbsp;nuclear shell model&nbsp;of&nbsp;atomic nuclei. The isotope&nbsp;208 Pb&nbsp;is&nbsp;double magic. If ingested, lead is&nbsp;poisonous&nbsp;to animals, including humans. It damages the&nbsp;nervous system&nbsp;and causes&nbsp;brain&nbsp;disorders. Excessive lead also causes blood disorders in&nbsp;mammals. Like the element&nbsp;mercury, another heavy metal, lead is a&nbsp;neurotoxin&nbsp;that accumulates both in soft tissues and the bones.&nbsp;Lead poisoning&nbsp;has been documented from&nbsp;ancient Rome,&nbsp;ancient Greece, and&nbsp;ancient China.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Magnesium &#8211; Magnesium&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;with the symbol&nbsp;Mg&nbsp;and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;12. Its common&nbsp;oxidation number&nbsp;is +2. It is an&nbsp;alkaline earth metal&nbsp;and the eighth-most-abundant element&nbsp;in the&nbsp;Earth&#8217;s crust&nbsp;and ninth in the known&nbsp;universe&nbsp;as a whole&nbsp;Magnesium is the fourth-most-common element in the Earth as a whole (behind&nbsp;iron,&nbsp;oxygen&nbsp;and&nbsp;silicon), making up 13% of the planet&#8217;s mass and a large fraction of the planet&#8217;s&nbsp;mantle.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The relative abundance of magnesium is related to the fact that it easily builds up in supernova&nbsp;stars&nbsp;from a sequential addition of three&nbsp;helium nuclei&nbsp;to&nbsp;carbon&nbsp;(which in turn is made from three helium nuclei).&nbsp;Due to magnesium ion&#8217;s high&nbsp;solubility&nbsp;in&nbsp;water, it is the third-most-abundant element dissolved in&nbsp;seawater. Magnesium is produced in stars larger than 3 solar masses by fusing&nbsp;helium&nbsp;and&nbsp;neon&nbsp;in the&nbsp;alpha process&nbsp;at temperatures above 600 mega-kelvins.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The free element (metal) is not found naturally on Earth, as it is highly reactive (though once produced, it is coated in a thin layer of oxide, which partly masks this reactivity). The free metal burns with a characteristic brilliant-white light, making it a useful ingredient in flares. The metal is now obtained mainly by&nbsp;electrolysis&nbsp;of magnesium&nbsp;salts&nbsp;obtained from&nbsp;brine. In commerce, the chief use for the metal is as an&nbsp;alloying&nbsp;agent to make&nbsp;aluminium-magnesium alloys, sometimes called&nbsp;magnalium&nbsp;or&nbsp;magnelium. Since magnesium is less dense than aluminium, these alloys are prized for their relative lightness and strength.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In&nbsp;human biology, magnesium is the eleventh-most-abundant element by mass in the&nbsp;human body. Its&nbsp;ions&nbsp;are essential to all living cells, where they play a major role in manipulating important biological&nbsp;polyphosphate&nbsp;compounds like&nbsp;ATP,&nbsp;DNA, and&nbsp;RNA. Hundreds of&nbsp;enzymes, thus, require magnesium ions to function. Magnesium compounds are used medicinally as common&nbsp;laxatives,&nbsp;antacids(e.g.,&nbsp;milk of magnesia), and in a number of situations where stabilization of abnormal&nbsp;nerve&nbsp;excitation and blood vessel spasm is required (e.g., to treat&nbsp;eclampsia). Magnesium ions are sour to the taste, and in low concentrations they help to impart a natural tartness to fresh&nbsp;mineral waters.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In vegetation, magnesium is the metallic ion at the center of&nbsp;chlorophyll, and is, thus, a common additive to&nbsp;fertilizers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nickel &#8211; Nickel&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;with the&nbsp;chemical symbol&nbsp;Ni&nbsp;and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;28. It is a silvery-white lustrous&nbsp;metal&nbsp;with a slight golden tinge. Nickel belongs to the transition metals and is hard and&nbsp;ductile. Pure nickel shows a significant chemical activity that can be observed when nickel is&nbsp;powdered&nbsp;to maximize the exposed&nbsp;surface area&nbsp;on which reactions can occur, but larger pieces of the metal are slow to react with air at ambient conditions due to the formation of a protective&nbsp;oxide&nbsp;surface. Even then, nickel is reactive enough with&nbsp;oxygen&nbsp;that&nbsp;native&nbsp;nickel is rarely found on Earth&#8217;s surface, being mostly confined to the interiors of larger&nbsp;nickel\u2013iron meteorites&nbsp;that were protected from oxidation during their time in space. On Earth, such native nickel is always found in combination with&nbsp;iron, a reflection of those elements&#8217; origin as major end products of&nbsp;supernova nucleo-synthesis.&nbsp;An iron\u2013nickel mixture is thought to compose Earth&#8217;s&nbsp;inner core.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The use of nickel (as a natural&nbsp;meteoric&nbsp;nickel\u2013iron alloy) has been traced as far back as 3500 BC. Nickel was first isolated and classified as a chemical element in 1751 by&nbsp;Axel Fredrik Cronstedt, who initially mistook its&nbsp;ore&nbsp;for a&nbsp;copper&nbsp;mineral. The element&#8217;s name comes from a mischievous sprite of German miner mythology, Nickel (similar to&nbsp;Old Nick), that personified the fact that copper-nickel ores resisted refinement into copper. An economically important source of nickel is the&nbsp;iron&nbsp;ore&nbsp;limonite, which often contains 1-2% nickel. Nickel&#8217;s other important ore minerals include&nbsp;garnierite, and&nbsp;pentlandite. Major production sites include the&nbsp;Sudbury region in&nbsp;Canada&nbsp;(which is thought to be of&nbsp;meteoric&nbsp;origin),&nbsp;New Caledonia&nbsp;in the&nbsp;Pacific, and&nbsp;Norilsk&nbsp;in&nbsp;Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Because of nickel&#8217;s slow rate of&nbsp;oxidation&nbsp;at room temperature, it is considered corrosion-resistant. Historically, this has led to its use for plating&nbsp;metals&nbsp;such as iron and&nbsp;brass, coating chemistry equipment, and manufacturing certain&nbsp;alloys&nbsp;that retain a high silvery polish, such as&nbsp;German silver. About 6% of world nickel production is still used for corrosion-resistant pure-nickel plating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nickel was once a common component of&nbsp;coins, but has largely been replaced by cheaper iron for this purpose, especially since the metal is a skin&nbsp;allergen&nbsp;for some people. It was reintroduced into UK coins in 2012 despite objections from dermatologists.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nickel is one of four elements that are&nbsp;ferromagnetic&nbsp;around room temperature.&nbsp;Alnico&nbsp;permanent&nbsp;magnets&nbsp;based partly on nickel are of intermediate strength between iron-based permanent magnets and&nbsp;rare-earth magnets. The metal is chiefly valuable in the modern world for the&nbsp;alloys&nbsp;it forms; about 60% of world production is used in nickel-steels (particularly&nbsp;stainless steel). Other common alloys, as well as some new&nbsp;super alloys, make up most of the remainder of world nickel use, with chemical uses for nickel compounds consuming less than 3% of production.&nbsp;As a compound, nickel has a number of niche chemical manufacturing uses, such as a catalyst for hydrogenation.&nbsp;Enzymes&nbsp;of some microorganisms and plants contain nickel as an&nbsp;active site, which makes the metal an essential nutrient for them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tin &#8211; Tin&nbsp;is a&nbsp;chemical element&nbsp;with symbol&nbsp;Sn&nbsp;(for&nbsp;Latin:&nbsp;stannum) and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;50. It is a&nbsp;main group metal&nbsp;in&nbsp;group 14&nbsp;of the periodic table. Tin shows chemical similarity to both neighboring group-14 elements,&nbsp;germanium&nbsp;and&nbsp;lead, and has two possible oxidation states, +2 and the slightly more stable +4. Tin is the 49th most abundant element and has, with 10 stable isotopes, the largest number of stable&nbsp;isotopes&nbsp;in the periodic table. Tin is obtained chiefly from the&nbsp;mineral&nbsp;cassiterite, where it occurs as&nbsp;tin dioxide, SnO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This silvery,&nbsp;malleable&nbsp;other metal&nbsp;is not easily&nbsp;oxidized&nbsp;in air and is used to coat other metals to prevent&nbsp;corrosion. The first&nbsp;alloy, used in large scale since 3000 BC, was&nbsp;bronze, an alloy of tin and&nbsp;copper. After 600 BC pure metallic tin was produced.&nbsp;Pewter, which is an alloy of 85\u201390% tin with the remainder commonly consisting of copper,&nbsp;antimony&nbsp;and lead, was used for&nbsp;flatware&nbsp;from the Bronze Age&nbsp;until the 20th century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In modern times tin is used in many alloys, most notably tin\/lead soft&nbsp;solders, typically containing 60% or more of tin. Another large application for tin is corrosion-resistant&nbsp;tin plating&nbsp;of steel. Because of its low toxicity, tin-plated metal is also used for food packaging, giving the name to&nbsp;tin cans, which are made mostly of steel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zinc &#8211; Zinc, in commerce also&nbsp;spelter, is a&nbsp;metallic&nbsp;chemical element; it has the symbol&nbsp;Zn&nbsp;and&nbsp;atomic number&nbsp;30. It is the first element of group 12&nbsp;of the&nbsp;periodic table. In some respects zinc is chemically similar to&nbsp;magnesium: its&nbsp;ion&nbsp;is of similar size and its only common oxidation state&nbsp;is +2. Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in the Earth&#8217;s crust and has five stable&nbsp;isotopes. The most common zinc ore&nbsp;is&nbsp;sphalerite&nbsp;(zinc blende), a&nbsp;zinc sulfide&nbsp;mineral. The largest mineable amounts are found in&nbsp;Australia,&nbsp;Asia, and the&nbsp;United States. Zinc production includes&nbsp;froth flotation&nbsp;of the&nbsp;ore,&nbsp;roasting, and final&nbsp;extraction&nbsp;using&nbsp;electricity&nbsp;(electro-winning).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zinc is an&nbsp;essential mineral&nbsp;of &#8220;exceptional biologic and public health importance&#8221;.&nbsp;Zinc deficiency&nbsp;affects about two billion people in the developing world and is associated with many diseases.&nbsp;In children it causes growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, infection susceptibility, and diarrhea, contributing to the death of about 800,000 children worldwide per year.&nbsp;Enzymes&nbsp;with a zinc atom in the&nbsp;reactive center&nbsp;are widespread in biochemistry, such as&nbsp;alcohol dehydrogenase&nbsp;in humans.&nbsp;Consumption of excess zinc can cause&nbsp;ataxia,&nbsp;lethargy&nbsp;and&nbsp;copper deficiency.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Ferrous Ferrous metals are metals consisting iron as their main constituent. These metals have been used in building construction purposes since prehistoric times. In fact iron which is the most popular metal constitutes approximately 4.60% of the crust. The three most important ferrous metals are Cast iron, Wrought iron and Steel. Ferrous&nbsp;(Fe2+), in&nbsp;chemistry, indicates a&nbsp;divalent&nbsp;iron&nbsp;compound&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-108461","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v24.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ferrous and Non-ferrous metals - Tutorial<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/tutorial\/ferrous-and-non-ferrous-metals\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ferrous and Non-ferrous metals - Tutorial\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ferrous Ferrous metals are metals consisting iron as their main constituent. 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