{"id":17685,"date":"2014-10-31T05:57:11","date_gmt":"2014-10-31T05:57:11","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/?p=17685"},"modified":"2024-04-03T13:14:34","modified_gmt":"2024-04-03T07:44:34","slug":"evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Evolution of Trade Unions in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a ref=\"magnificPopup\" href=\"http:\/\/vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-17732\" alt=\"evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india\" src=\"http:\/\/vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india-300x225.jpg\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/10\/evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p>Indian Labour Movement.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Living conditions of workers \u2013 miserable.<\/li>\n<li>Establishment of Bombay Mill Hands Association \u2013 1890 \u2013 president \u2013 N.M. Lokahnde .<\/li>\n<li>Objective \u2013\n<ul>\n<li>Invite attention of government and public to many grievances of the textile workers of Bombay.<\/li>\n<li>But they were not a trade union as they had no\n<ul>\n<li>Membership<\/li>\n<li>Funds<\/li>\n<li>Rules<\/li>\n<li>No trade unions could grow \u2013 poverty and illiteracy.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1<sup>st<\/sup> World War period<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>1<sup>st<\/sup> World War \u2013 sparked off\u00a0 trade union movement in India.<\/li>\n<li>Sharp rise in prices, cost of living =&gt; wage lag<\/li>\n<li>Indian workers launched a series of strikes from 1918 to 1920.<\/li>\n<li>&gt;200 strikes in first 6 months of 1920.<\/li>\n<li>Rising cost of living, ruthless exploitation and suppression, political agitation against foreign rule, establishment of ILO in 1919 =&gt; AITUC in 1920.<\/li>\n<li>AITUC had 64 trade unions when it was formed in 1920.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1920-29<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Features :\n<ul>\n<li>Formation of AITUC<\/li>\n<li>Expansion in the no. of trade unions and membership<\/li>\n<li>Enactment of Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926<\/li>\n<li>Increase in freq of industrial disputes =&gt; work stoppages<\/li>\n<li>Split in AITUC<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Formation of AITUC<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Direct result of establishment of ILO in 1919.<\/li>\n<li>Formed to represent Indian labour at International Labour Conference.<\/li>\n<li>British Trade Union Congress and American Federation of labour were setup &#8211; individual trade union operated in different contexts =&gt; felt the need to establish a central federation.<\/li>\n<li>Indian trade union =&gt; central came first, then individual trade unions in different industries.<\/li>\n<li>1<sup>st<\/sup> president of AITUC &#8211; Lala Lajpat Rai<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Expansion of the no. of trade unions and membership<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>No. of\u00a0 trade unions continued to increase.<\/li>\n<li>Concentrated in the provinces of Bombay, Madras, Bengal.<\/li>\n<li>Considerable trade union activities &#8211; Railways, shipping, cotton, jute, mining, engineering, printing and paper.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Enactment of Indian Trade Union Act, 1926<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Need for nominating the workers\u2019 representatives in ILO, Indian Trade Unions Act, 1926 was passed<\/li>\n<li>Provided protection against criminal liability under section 120(B) of Indian Penal Code to officers and members of the trade union registered under this act.<\/li>\n<li>Security against cases of civil damages arising out of trade disputes.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Increase in frequency of Industrial Disputes<\/li>\n<li>Strikes and lockouts were very frequent.<\/li>\n<li>Crores of man days were lost.<\/li>\n<li>May 1, 1927 was celebrated at Bombay as the Labour Day \u2013 the symbol of opening of a new era of the Indian Labour movement as a conscious part of the International Labour Movement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>AITUC Split<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>AITUC suffered three major splits dividing and weakening the trade union movement<\/li>\n<li>Happened at the Nagpur Session in 1929.<\/li>\n<li>3 major parts\n<ul>\n<li>Truncated AITUC<\/li>\n<li>Indian Trade Union Federation<\/li>\n<li>Red Trade Union Congress<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1930-39<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Great depression and its effects on trade union activities<\/li>\n<li>Reunification of trade union movement.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Great depression and its effects on Trade Union activities<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Economic activities came to a standstill, falling prices, wage cuts, mass unemployment, starvation<\/li>\n<li>Decline in membership of trade union.<\/li>\n<li>Truncated AITUC, Indian Trade Union Federation and Red Trade Union Congress were not in a position to offer any resistance to the onslaughts of employers and deteriorating labour standards.<\/li>\n<li>Employers resorted to wage cuts, retrenchment and schemes of rationalization.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Reunification of Trade Union Movement<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>There was a split in the Red Trade Union Congress in 1931.<\/li>\n<li>Indian trade unions were divided into 4 groups \u2013\n<ul>\n<li>Original AITUC \u2013 control of radicals<\/li>\n<li>Indian Trade union Federation \u2013 control of moderates<\/li>\n<li>Red Trade Union Congress \u2013 control of communists<\/li>\n<li>Group of independent trade union not attached to any central organization.<\/li>\n<li>Indian labour Movement was unified \u2013 1940 \u2013 series of compromises \u2013 RR Gokhale, VV Giri, NM Joshi, Diwan Chamanlal.<\/li>\n<li>Happened at Nagpur in 1940.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1940-49<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Two major events:\n<ul>\n<li>2<sup>nd<\/sup> World War<\/li>\n<li>Indian independence<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>2<sup>nd<\/sup> World War<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Effects:\n<ul>\n<li>Attitude towards the war and the split in the trade union movement.<\/li>\n<li>force to trade union growth and increase in the number of industrial disputes.<\/li>\n<li>beginning of the practice of paying DA and bonus.<\/li>\n<li>Creation of tripartite bodies in the field of labour and industrial relations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Attitude towards the war and the split in the TU movement<\/li>\n<li>AITUC became a divided house.<\/li>\n<li>Nationalists + communists = attitude of neutrality towards the war.<\/li>\n<li>Radical democrats went in for all-out support to the war efforts.<\/li>\n<li>The radicals formed a IFL \u2013 Indian Federation of Labour in November 1941. Jamna Das Mehta was the president.<\/li>\n<li>At the end of the war, there were 2 central federations,\n<ul>\n<li>AITUC<\/li>\n<li>Indian Federation of Labour.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Trade Union growth and rise in the number of industrial disputes<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Trade Union movement gained impetus during the war.<\/li>\n<li>Prices and profits soared up because of shortage in consumer goods.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Dearness Allowance and Bonus<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>To neutralize the effects of rising prices on workers\u2019 real earnings due to the war. It was to be abolished after the war was over. But this didn\u2019t happen.<\/li>\n<li>There were controversies and the courts decided that workers have a right to claim bonus out of the profit of the industry.<\/li>\n<li>Dispute resolved with the payment of bonus act, 1965.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Post Independence Period 1947-66<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The expansion of employment-intensive public enterprises resulted in the rapid growth of trade unionism within them.<\/li>\n<li>The central Government at that time exerted a major role in determining wages and working conditions. Trade union structures were highly centralized.<\/li>\n<li>A series of labour movement splits occurred during this industrializing period.<\/li>\n<li>Division in the labour movement continued with the creation of :\n<ul>\n<li>Hind Mazdoor Sabha (HMS) in 1948<\/li>\n<li>The United Trade Union Congress (UTUC), 1949<\/li>\n<li>The Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) in 1955<\/li>\n<li>The United Trade Union Congress-Lenin Sarani (UTUC-LS) in 1951<\/li>\n<li>Various laws were introduced to regulate working and employment conditions and to systemize industrial relations.\n<ul>\n<li>Industrial Employment (Standing Orders) Act (1946)<\/li>\n<li>The Industrial Disputes Act (1947)<\/li>\n<li>The Indian Factories Act (1948)<\/li>\n<li>The Minimum Wages Act (1948)<\/li>\n<li>The Plantation Labour Act (1951)<\/li>\n<li>The Employees\u2019 Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act (1952)<\/li>\n<li>The Companies Act (1956)<\/li>\n<li>The Maternity Benefit Act (1961)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1967-79<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Industrial stagnation set in from 1967 to 1979 &#8211; made more acute by oil price shocks in 1973 and 1978 &#8211; triggered inflation.<\/li>\n<li>Railwaymen\u2019s strike in May 1974 provoked Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to issue a State of Emergency in 1975.<\/li>\n<li>The national emergency lasted from 1975 to 1977; during that time, the right to strike was suspended and union activities were restricted.<\/li>\n<li>Labour militancy became a common phenomenon, particularly with the extremely high labour upsurge.<\/li>\n<li>During the 1967-79 period, there were 2,437 strikes on an average per year, involving average of 1.87 million workers annually and 12.39 million lost work days.<\/li>\n<li>The situation was further worsened by a severe drought in 1979.<\/li>\n<li>The number of registered trade unions more than doubled, from 15,314 in 1967 to 34,430 in 1979.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1980-91<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>The economy suffered from severe internal and external aggravations, resulting in an industrial recession from 1980 through 1981.<\/li>\n<li>From the mid 1980s, the Government imposed an economic liberalization policy that offered\n<ul>\n<li>export incentives and<\/li>\n<li>encouraged domestic market competitiveness<\/li>\n<li>The labour market was made more flexible, making it easier for companies to subcontract and outsource their production of consumer nondurables to the unorganized sector.<\/li>\n<li>Such a flexible labour market brought an adverse impact on trade union activities and reshaped the industrial relations system.<\/li>\n<li>As a consequence of economic downturn and political suppression in 1981, the registered unions sharply declined from 34,430 in 1979 to 15,042.<\/li>\n<li>In 1991, the number of registered trade unions drastically increased.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1992-present<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>After borrowing a massive bailout loan of US$1.8 billion from the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the economy became more open, liberalized and privatized than ever before.<\/li>\n<li>During the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) regime, Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh (BMS) and its affiliates grew &#8211; membership of 6.2 million\u00a0 &#8211; the largest CTUO (central trade union organization).<\/li>\n<li>The 2004 election results required the formation of a coalition government \u2013 the United Progressive Alliance (UPA).<\/li>\n<li>The INTUC (Indian National Trade Union Congress), the second-largest CTUO (central trade union organization), wielded more political influence because it was aligned with the INC (Indian National Congress).<\/li>\n<li>The number of trade unions increased, but they became more divided at both the national and state levels.<\/li>\n<li>The number of CTUOs increased to 12 in 2008.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/Human-Resources\">Click here for government certification in Human Resources<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/Legal\">Click here for government certification in Law<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indian Labour Movement. Living conditions of workers \u2013 miserable. Establishment of Bombay Mill Hands Association \u2013 1890 \u2013 president \u2013 N.M. Lokahnde . Objective \u2013 Invite attention of government and public to many grievances of the textile workers of Bombay. But they were not a trade union as they had no Membership Funds Rules No&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":17732,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_joinchat":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[697,698,764,1087,1085,1086],"class_list":["post-17685","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-entrepreneurship","tag-hr","tag-human-resource","tag-human-resources","tag-labour","tag-trade-unions","tag-trade-unions-in-india"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Evolution of Trade Unions in India - Vskills Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Details on Evolution of Trade Unions in India\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.vskills.in\/certification\/blog\/evolution-of-trade-unions-in-india\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Evolution of Trade Unions in India - 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