Listening intends to pay regard and following up on what somebody is stating. Neither listening  intends to just keeping up a pleasant hush while you are practicing in your brain the discourse you are going to set aside a few minutes you can get a conversational opening, nor does listening mean holding up vigilantly for the defects in the other individual’s contention so that later you can cut him down. Listening intends to attempt to see the issue the way the speaker sees it-which implies not sensitivity, which is feeling for him, yet sympathy, which is encountering with him. Listening obliges entering effectively and innovatively into the other individual’s circumstance and attempting to comprehend a casing of reference not the same as your own. This is not generally a simple errand.

Significance of listening at a work environment

Viably listening in the working environment is the non-verbal type of correspondence. At the point when one settles on a choice to listen to someone, one does it with full, unified consideration. Complete consideration and fixation, towards the speaker’s subject, conveys one’s worry to the speaker. Along  these  lines, adequately listening in the working environment, serves as a non-verbal specialized apparatus. Corporate associations are requesting and testing. While the greater part of us adapt up to the weights, it is constantly a listening ear that gives one to bear on.

Understanding

Representatives who deal with their listening aptitudes discover it simpler to decipher importance from discussions. Some piece of great listening is paying consideration on the setting the speaker is utilizing and having the capacity to put everything that is being said into that connection. It additionally means making inquiries to focus importance instead of speculating somebody’s plans. Legitimately deciphering data from a discussion can enhance a worker’s association with customers and help to expand income through rehash deals. A customer frequently lean towards merchants who take the time to appropriately comprehend the setting and significance of a discussion.

Learning

Learning is the wide term used to characterize the data and encounters a representative increases from listening to what is being said. Preparing is an organized piece of learning. The other piece of learning is the capacity to listen to guidance and other data, and know how to utilize that data viably as a part of future circumstances. At the point when a representative experiences an experience, it can be an important lesson in enhancing gainfulness or client relations. Urge your representatives to grow great listening abilities that will help them assemble data that can add to the learning background.

Complete Information

Great listening aptitudes help a worker to focus when she has the majority of the data she needs on a theme or on the off chance that she needs to request further information. For instance, a client is attempting to give back an item on the grounds that he says the item does not work. A representative’s solid listening aptitudes will hear a typical client circumstance and start to ask the client to depict the issue. Further listening and elucidation drives the representative to reason that the client is utilizing the item mistakenly and to support the client in the best possible working methods. Refined listening aptitudes help a worker to have the capacity to figure out what he is not hearing, which demonstrates missing data.

Errors about Listening

Among the immense obstructions to compelling listening are the deceptions that individuals hold about tuning in. These false thoughts frequently cause individuals to have swelled sentiments they could call their own listening execution. Accepting that they have no issue with tuning in, they endeavor to move forward. Without a doubt, why would it be a good idea for them to? Not realizing that their listening expertise is “bankrupt,” they see no compelling reason to “alter” it. Subsequently, they don’t make moves to progress. Thinking about these errors will aid you in dodging this trap. Here, then, are a few of the basic ones.

Paradox #1: Listening Is Not My Problem!

Individuals by and large accept they are preferable audience members over people around them. It is the individuals they work for, the ones who work with or for them, their relatives, and their companions who have an issue in listening viably not them.

The individuals around us accept that we have all the more an issue listening adequately than they do. This ought to let us know something. Listening is not simply another person’s issue its our own.

Deception #2: Listening and Hearing Are the Same

Basically having great hearing does not make one a decent audience. Truth be told, numerous individuals who have superbly great hearing are bad audience members. Having great hearing does encourage one’s impression of sound; however great audience members don’t just hear words—they concentrate on the importance. We speak successfully with one another insofar as we impart significance.

The contrast in the middle of listening to and listening can be expressed along  these  lines: Hearing is the gathering of sound, listening is the connection of intending to the sound. Hearing is inactive, listening is dynamic. Understanding the distinction in the middle of listening to and listening is a critical essential for listening viably.

Deception #3: Good Readers Are Good Listeners

This announcement is frequently untrue, despite the fact that both perusing and listening rely on upon the interpretation of words into significance. In view of the imparted interpretation capacity, there is clearly a relationship in the middle of perusing and tuning in; the issue is, numerous individuals erroneously accept that all great perusers are essentially great audience members.

Error #4: Smarter People Are Better Listeners

Clearly, insight assumes a part in a man’s ability to tune in. Persons with restricted brainpower will be constrained in their ability to process the data contained in messages they get. Alternately, those having high brainpower levels will have a more prominent preparing limit. Yet, the conviction that “more astute individuals are better audience members” is regularly false. Actually, confirmation proposes that the converse is regularly genuine.

Misrepresentation #5: Listening Improves with Age

Absolutely, the limit or capacity to listen and join proper intending to messages enhances with age and involvement with slightest in the early years and at any rate to some point. Albeit listening capacity expands, listening execution by and large decays eventually. However this doesn’t need to be the situation. The error between listening capacity and listening execution is regularly because of our having adapted awful listening propensities.

Misrepresentation #6: Listening Skills Are Difficult to Learn

Really, the abilities themselves are not too troublesome and starting advancement is fast. However figuring out how to apply the aptitudes reliably does take diligent work. What’s more, getting to be truly capable takes much time and practice—a lifetime to be correct. In any case the exertion is without a doubt advantageous. The last section will let you know how to improve as an audience in any circumstance. To start with, notwithstanding, we have to comprehend the procedure of listening and the sorts of tuning in.

Enhancing Listening Comprehension:

1.       Minimize both inward and outer diversions. You can’t generally dispose of a cerebral pain, however you can close the windows if the driver of a truck is outside revving his motor.

2.       Adjust your listening to the circumstance. In case you’re listening to an address for an exam in Biology class, you’ll need to give careful consideration than in case you’re viewing the neighborhood news. In the previous circumstance, you’ll presumably take notes.

3.       Show you’re listening by your nonverbal correspondence. You may gesture, shake your head, or raise your eyebrows. Alter your carriage appropriately. Look.

4.       If you’re listening to a discourse or going to a professional, focus the most critical focuses and add to a strategy to recall that them. You may rehash them rationally or even scribble them down quickly.

5.       When you’re listening to a companion with an issue, exhibit sympathy. Demonstrate her you comprehend what she is experiencing.

6.       Realize that individuals don’t essentially need you to tackle their issue. They might just need to impart how they are feeling. Spare guidance for some other time, unless you’re requested it.

7.       Don’t intrude. Let the individual completion what he is stating before you clarify your perspective or make inquiries.

8.       Don’t prejudge a man’s message by the way he looks. You can take in something from very nearly anybody.

9.       Stay concentrated on the subject. It’s anything but difficult to let your brain meander, particularly if the subject isn’t critical to you. Train yourself to focus.

10.     Remain perceptive, regardless of the fact that the theme is enthusiastic. Maybe somebody is examining the triumphs of the late decision, and you were enthusiastic around a losing competitor. At the point when feelings get to be included, you may wind up amidst a yelling match, which will resolve nothing. Present your focuses serenely.

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The Objectives of Communication

•           The single most imperative perception is that the goal of correspondence is not the transmission however the gathering.

•           The entire planning, presentation and substance of a discourse should in this way be equipped not to the speaker however to the gathering of people.

•           The presentation of an immaculate undertaking arrangement is a disappointment if the group of onlookers does not comprehend or are not convinced of its merits.

•           A clients’ visit is an exercise in futility in the event that they leave without understanding the full worth of your item.

•           The goal of correspondence is to make your message comprehended and recollected.

•           The primary issue with this goal is, obviously, the individuals to whom you are talking.

•           The normal person has a short consideration compass and a million different things to consider.

•           Your work in the presentation is to reach through this mental mist and to hold the consideration sufficiently long to make your point.

The Plan

•           It is hard to overestimate the significance of cautious arrangement.

•           Five minutes on the floor before senior administration could choose the acknowledgement of a proposition of a while length of time for the administrator and the entire group.

•           With such a great amount of possibly in question, the moderator must think upon the certainties being displayed as well as upon the style, pace, tone and at last strategies which ought to be utilized.

•           As a dependable guideline for a normal presentation, no under 1 hour ought to be spent in arrangement for 5 minutes of talking.

Form your Objectives

•           The beginning stage in arranging any discourse is to detail an exact goal.

•           This ought to take the type of a basic, compact explanation of purpose.

•           No two goals will be served similarly well by the same presentation; and in the event that you are not certain at the onset what you are attempting to do, it is far-fetched that your arrangement will attain to it.

•           Not numerous goals can be accomplished in 30 minutes.

•           It is significantly more gainful to attain to one objective than to bungle more than a few.

•           The best approach is to confine the vital goal and to rundown at most two others which can be tended to giving they don’t occupy from the primary one.

Distinguish the Audience

•           This is carried out by distinguishing their points and destinations while going to your presentation.

•           If you are looking for support for another item arrange from senior administration it is valuable to know and comprehend their primary destinations.

•           If they are at present stressed that their item range is outdated and dated, you would stress the inventive parts of your new item.

•           This essential of coordinating the group of onlookers points, nonetheless, goes past the straightforward charisma of a thought – it is the least complex and best way of acquiring their consideration toward the starting.

•           If your introductory statements suggest that you comprehend their issue and that you have an answer, then they will be complimented at your consideration and mindful to your each expression.

Structure

•           All discourses ought to have an unmistakable structure or arrangement; a discussion without a structure is a wooly chaos.

•           If you don’t arrange your musings into an organized way, the gathering of people won’t have the capacity to tail them.

•           Having secured the point of your presentation you ought to pick the most fitting structure to attain to it.

•           However, the structure should not hinder the principle message.

•           If it is excessively unpredictable, excessively convoluted or essentially excessively perceptible the crowd will be occupied.

•           If a segment is superfluous to the accomplishment of your key targets, pluck it out.

Interpersonal Communication

•           Interpersonal correspondence lies at the intersection of our social comprehension and development and hence, each of these segments impacts each other in more ways we can envision.

•           There are social manners that direct the suitable outflow for the dialect.

•           Communication style differs starting with one ethnicity then onto the next because of the way of the development of the dialect.

•           Theorists have recognized advanced, verbal correspondence, and analogical, nonverbal correspondence, segments inside dialects.

•           English would be an illustration of a dialect that weighs more for the computerized manifestation of correspondence.

•           In “Fundamental Concepts of intercultural correspondence”, Bennett parallels this phenomena in English to PCs by depicting the words symbolization of “classifications of phenomena in the same self-assertive route that on/off codes symbolize numbers and operations in a PC”.

•           Interpersonal correspondence is the procedure by which individuals trade data, sentiments, and importance through verbal and non-verbal messages: it is eye to eye correspondence.

•           Interpersonal correspondence is not just about what is really said – the dialect utilized – however how it is said and the non-verbal messages sent through manner of speaking, outward appearances, signals and non-verbal communication.

•           When two or more individuals are in the same place and are mindful of one another’s vicinity, then correspondence is occurring, regardless of how unobtrusive or inadvertent.

•           Without discourse, an onlooker may be utilizing prompts of carriage, outward appearance, and dress to structure an impression of the other’s part, enthusiastic state, identity and/or aims.

•           Although no correspondence may be expected, individuals get messages through such manifestations of non-verbal conduct.

Non-Verbal Communication:

•           Interpersonal correspondence not just includes the unequivocal significance of words, that is the data or message passed on, additionally alludes to certain messages, whether deliberate or not, which may be communicated through non-verbal practices.

•           Non-verbal interchanges incorporate outward appearances, the tone and pitch of the voice, motions showed through non-verbal communication (kinesics) and the physical separation between communicators (proxemics).

•           Non-verbal signs can give hints and extra data and significance well beyond talked (verbal) correspondence.

•           Interpersonal correspondence is further confused in that it is typically unrealistic to translate a signal or representation precisely all alone.

•           Non-verbal correspondence comprises of a complete bundle of outflows, hand and eye developments, postures, and motions which ought to be translated alongside discourse (verbal correspondence).

Non-verbal messages permit people to:

o          Reinforce or alter what is said in words.

o          Convey data about their passionate state.

o          Define or strengthen the relationship between individuals.

o          Provide input to the next individual.

o          Regulate the stream of correspondence

The sorts of interpersonal correspondence that are not communicated verbally are called non-verbal correspondences. These include:

•           Body Movements (Kinesics)

•           Posture

•           Eye Contact

•           Paralanguage

•           Closeness or Personal Space

•           Facial Expressions

•           Physiological Changes

Verbal Communication:

•           Clarity of discourse, trying to avoid panicking and centered, being affable and behavior will all support the methodology of verbal correspondence.

•           Verbal correspondence is the demonstration of communicating your contemplations with words.

•           Verbal correspondence is for the most part characterized as talked dialect.

•           Tone, articulation, stops, commotion, accentuation, word decision, these can all be utilized while identifying with upgrade the talked word.

•           Examples of this sort of verbal correspondence: talks, vis-à-vis discourses, phone discussions, voice message, TV, radio, recorded books and workshops, features.

•           Speakers utilizing gesture based communication would be thought to be utilizing a type of verbal correspondence.

•           In certain zones, particularly law, there would be a significant distinction in the middle of talked and composed correspondence.

•           The premise of correspondence is the connection between individuals.

•           Verbal correspondence is one path for individuals to convey vis-à-vis.

•           Some of the key parts of verbal correspondence are sound, words, talking, and dialect.

•           The real source of dialect is liable to impressive hypothesis.

•           Some scholars trust it is an outgrowth of gathering exercises, for example, cooperating or moving.

•           Others accept that dialect created from essential sounds and motions.

•           Over 3,000 dialects and significant vernaculars are talked on the planet today.

•           The advancement of dialects reflects class, sex, calling, age bunch, and other social components.

•           The tremendous assortment of dialects as a rule makes troubles between distinctive dialects, yet even inside a solitary dialect there can be numerous issues in comprehension.

•           Many issues can emerge in talking and the best way to tackle these issues is through experience.

•           Speaking can be taken a gander at in two noteworthy territories: interpersonal and open talking.

•           In interpersonal talking, decorum is imperative.

•           To be a compelling communicator one must talk in a way that is not culpable to the beneficiary.

•           In business today, progressive correspondence is of most extreme significance to all individuals included.

•           The other real territory of talking is open talking.

•           From the source of time, it has been clear that some individuals are simply preferable

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What is Journalism?

Reporting is the examination and reporting of occasions, issues and patterns to an expansive crowd.

Despite the fact that there are numerous varieties of reporting, the perfect is to educate the target group about points running from government and business associations to social parts of society, for example, expressions and amusement.

The field incorporates altering, photojournalism, and narrative.

In present day society, news media have turned into the boss purveyor of data and sentiment about open issues; however the part and status of reporting, alongside different manifestations of broad communications, are experiencing changes coming about because of the Internet.

This has brought about a movement toward perusing on tablets, PDAs, and other electronic gadgets as opposed to print media and has confronted news associations with the progressing issue of adapting on advanced news.

It stays to be seen which news associations can make the best of the appearance of advanced media and whether print media can survive.

Obligations of a Journalist:

Writers choose what news is, and in doing as such they settle on numerous critical choices about what a general public says to itself, how it accounts for itself, what social request is built and kept up, and how the issues and deficiencies of that society are uncovered. Notwithstanding doing all these things, columnists likewise have notable obligations to their own particular calling:

They must keep up the measures of their calling and in addition the traditions and traditions of the journalistic society. These traditions incorporate get-together news and data, altering it for their medium, and dispersing it in ways that meet gauges of reasonableness and exactness.

Writers have the obligation of keeping up the monetary strength of their news associations. Since these associations are not government supported or bolstered (with the exception of in uncommon cases), they must make enough benefit to proceed with operation and to have the assets to practice the sort of reporting that is normal and essential for society.

At last, columnists are accused of cultivating and advancing the thought of an open society in which data streams unreservedly, individuals can think and talk inventively and a mixture of perspectives about all subjects is endured.

The essential part of the columnist is to question and uncover truths.

Find and distribute data that replaces talk and hypothesis

Oppose or sidestep government control

Illuminate thus enable voters

Subvert those whose power depends on an absence of open data

Investigate the activity and inaction of governments, chose agents and open administrations.

Investigate organizations, their treatment of laborers and clients and the nature of their items.

Solace the harassed and torment the open to, giving a voice to the individuals who can’t regularly be heard openly.

Hold up a mirror to society mirroring its excellencies and indecencies furthermore exposing its valued myths.

Guarantee that equity is carried out, is seen to be carried out and examinations are done where this is not really

Advance the free trade of thoughts particularly by giving a stage to those with theories different option for winning one

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A person known by the name of James Hicky started a paper after seeking permission of the East India Company. This newspaper was called ‘Bengal Gazette’ (or Calcutta general advertiser). The entire newspaper consisted of only 4 pages. The newspaper was well-known for fearlessly criticizing the money-making and political policies of the East India Company.

Bombay Courier was launched in 1792, this newspaper published advertisements in English and Gujarati. 1816, was the year when the first newspaper under Indian Administration appeared. It was the “Bengal Gazette” which was published by Gangadhar Bhattacharjee. It advocated the reforms of Raja Ram Mohan Roy. To counteract the religious propaganda of the Christian missionaries of Serampore, Raja Ram Mohan Roy published The Brahmanical Magazine.1822 saw the rise of Chandrika Samachar in Bengal and Bombay Samachar in Mumbai by Ferdunji Marzban. Oodunt Martand was the first Hindi newspaper, which was published in 1826 in Bengal. Later came Jami Jahan Numa, a newspaper that was pro-establishment. Pune saw its first Anglo – Marathi Newspaper in 1832 which was published by Bal Shastri Jambhekar In 1861, Mr Knight merged the Bombay Standard, Bombay Times and Telegraph and brought out the first issue of Times of India.

Hicky was imprisoned, for fighting for the liberty of press, his paper was stopped. But from 1780-1793, 6 papers were started in Calcutta, 3 in Madras and 3 in Bombay. This was the basic foundation of free press of India. During this era, the birth of vernacular press took place which mainly wrote about liberal views and was also spreading knowledge about various matters. An important paper called Bombay Times was founded in 1838. Now the Bombay Times is known as Times of India. In the fight against British, few papers played a very noteworthy role. This included ‘Hindu Patriot’ which launched movements against the British by asking the people not to grow crops for the British traders. Bal Gangadhar Tilak, owner of the newspaper ‘Kesari’, ignited the fire of independence in millions.

One of the pioneers of Indian language journalism was Raja Ram Mohan Roy with his Persian newspaper Miratool Akbar. He created the newspaper in order to indicate to the rulers’ knowledge of the real situation of their subjects and make the subjects acquainted with the established laws and customs of their rules. Roy later stopped later in protest against the Government’s Press Regulations.

Another important newspaper that contributed in the freedom struggle was Bengal Gazette or as it was also known, Hicky’s Gazette. James Augustus Hicky started it in 1780 ‘in order to purchase freedom for my mind and soul’. ‘A weekly political and commercial paper, open to all parties but influenced by none.’ The paper was, in essence, no better than a scandal sheet. Thus, in the next year (1981), Hicky was arrested and put into jail, from where he continued to write for the Gazette.

Restrictions were brought back in the form of Gagging Act, 1857. This was the year of what the British historians termed ‘the Sepoy Mutiny’, while a few Indian historians called it the ‘first war of Independence’. The Mutiny brought the rule of the East India Company to a close, with the Crown taking over the ‘colony’, with the promise of religious toleration and press freedom. The main topics of discussion in the English and vernacular press before and after the Mutiny were sati, caste, widow remarriage, polygamy, crimes and opposition to the teaching of English in schools and colleges. Bombay’s Gujarati press, in particular, excelled in the defence of the Indian way of life. In 1876, the Vernacular Press Act was promulgated. The English-controlled papers like The Times of India, the Pioneer and the Madras Mail didn’t report it to a great extent. However, the vernacular papers like Amrit Bazar Patrika and Kesari reported the inaugural meeting at length.

Despite the hold the television industry has on the country, it is the print press which is attracting more advertisers, making up 47% of the whole share. Newspapers in the current time have penetrated only 25% of the total population of the country. It is true that these days, the digital technology is mauling the traditional print newspaper. One of the reasons why this digital phase has not affected India that much is because only 7% of the Indians surf the Internet regularly. The rich English language, extremely cheap cost and the total availability of the newspapers also help in their sale.

The growth of India’s economy has had its impact on the newspaper industry. The circulation increased, resulting in increased revenues. Here, the dailies in the regional languages command more than half of the average readership, as per a report in 2010. There are 90 million readers of dailies in the regional languages as compared to 54 million for dailies in Hindi and 8 million for dailies in English.

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Introduction

To study creative writing is to study the science of observation, of thinking, of evolution and of empathy.

Through Creative Writing we have:

•           Enhanced our writing skills

•           Expanded our imagination

•           Learnt how to write from our experiences

•           Find our own unique style

•           Harness the use of our senses

Source Book

We must keep our experiences sorted on the basis of sensory perception as there is a strong link between our senses and memory. However, if this method of classification doesn’t suit you, one may even sort by nature of experience- happy, sad, angry, etc.

The source book must always be kept close at hand so that we may be able to jot down anything of note that happens to us. Even if something seems routine and like an everyday occurrence, you should write it down because you never know when some day that memory may serve you in a piece that you’re writing.

Dreams

What is it that makes a dream a dream? What makes a dream?

A story in which you are an important player is a dream. It may or may not be complete. It has logic of its own. A dreamscape is the area of our subconscious where dreams occur- is a very powerful writing tool. Apart from serving as a source for inspiration, a dream sequence can also serve to address certain issues in a narrative (flashbacks that may not be able to be represented linearly or without context) and, very often, the illogical yet cohesive sequence of events that occur within a dream can, by itself, provide a compelling narrative.

Fiction & Stream of Consciousness

William Mc. Peace Thakrey’s ‘Vanity Fair’

Psychological novels evolved after scientific advancements forcing man to look inwards thus giving birth to the stream of consciousness. Writers like Verginya wolf and Marcel proust are good examples.

Orientalism- John Master’s The lotus & the wind

‘Incident at Owl’s Creek’ which later on inspired the movie ‘Stay’. ‘Incident at Owl’s Creek’ was a short story about a confederate soldier (during the American Civil war of 1863-1865) who day dreams about escaping his execution seconds before he is hung below the bridge.

How to be convincing as a writer: Make your readers feel the same way you do. A good story has

• Character- the element that drives the story ahead
• Plot- the frame work
• Action Trigger- the main theme (the mood)

A good story also has ‘the hook’. It is simply the essence of the story the writer has to convey. It has-

• A thought
• An experience
• A feeling
• An opinion
• A crisis
• A discovery
• A realization

Reality

Felt and experienced reality. A few pointers to achieve reality-

• Be specific
• Be human
• Bring alive
• Never judge

Presentation of facts in a colourful way in a way that the reader wants to read it is called non- fiction

Written works

You cannot build a sky scarper without having seen the best of them and you cannot write without having read the works of established craftsmen. With that thought in mind, we read the works of famous authors such as Peter Carrey and Hunter Thompson. The study that followed was neat and exposed many of the tricks they had to their credit.   Through the process of reading the works of Hunter Thompson, we also entered the era of new journalism and worked on pieces of new journalism as well.

• Peter Carey- conversations with unicorns (Fantasy writer dealing with death, war, immortality)
• Hunter.S.Thompson – Songs of the doomed (Social and psychological encounters)

Writers who defied contemporary writing- Jack Karouk, Gregory Korso, Lawrence Feengeti, Allens Ginsberg.

Few pointers-

• Use words that express what you want to express in a direct way. Don’t use words that take away from the meaning.
• The length of a sentence depends on the mood you want to create
• Generally short sentences are used to convey more emotional expression and longer sentences for description/reflection or quiet moods.

Aspects of a Character

Round Character VS Flat Character

Round Characters are more human in nature as their feelings and emotions adapt to their situations whereas Flat Characters have static personalities and are often used as personifications for society and ideals.

Setting and Circumstance

Get introduced to concept of plot, sub plot, situations, circumstances etc that govern stories, novels etc. Get a deep insight on how all these factors influence and make a story. All these factors help the writer to create a picture in the minds of the readers and how all these instruments should be used carefully to draft a story that leaves a lasting impact on the readers.

• While writing a short story:
• Focus on the essence of your story.
• When in doubt, cut it out.
• A story is driven by action and should move in sequence.
• Don’t dwell and over-reflect.
• It should have a natural flow.

A story should unfold and not be told

Opening & Closing

Openings can start with action, a situation being portrayed, or with expressed thought/feeling. Closures or endings can be open ended where the reader is left ‘cheated’ of a conclusive answer and the end is open to any interpretation, there can also be the doorway ending where the writer creates a doorway for the story to continue in the form of a sequel, there are several other ways to end like the ‘Karmic’ end, the circle ending, the well known tragic ending.

The Opening of a Story –

1. Action – Describes exactly what’s happening.

2. Situation – Describes the scenario in which the story is taking place.

3. Expressed Thought/Feeling

The Closing of a Story –

1. Circle – An ending that comes full circle.

2. Doorway – An ending that has the potential to lead elsewhere.

3. Realization – The protagonist realizes something he’s missed.

4. A Karmic Ending – Everyone gets what’s coming to them.

Dialog

Dialog is the essence of good story writing, dialog adds drama and excitement to the story, it creates depth in the story and makes it stand out, it involves the reader and gives you and objective but first person view in the story.

Dialogue is a very powerful tool in a story. It can serve to add value to the ongoing plot of a story, but it can also serve to take the narrative in a completely new direction. The mark of a good writer lies in his ability to write compelling, yet convincing, dialogue. Characters within a story can be developed through dialogue alone if the author is skilled enough and, sometimes, the dialogue provides chemistry between players in a narrative. Dialogue must be realistic and give the reader a vista to connect with the characters in a story.

So in simple words, dialogue –

1. Helps readers connect to the story.

2. It adds Drama.

3. Gives you a feel of the characters.

4. Helps you engage with the character.

5. It helps to drive the story onwards.

Methods of Depicting Dialog

• Traditional method- Quotation marks
• Modern method- Sans Quotation Marks
• Italics
• Throwing in words in the course of action

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I hold the power to control the economy. Not only I but also you have the power to do so. We as consumers have the capability to influence the market as a whole and it is our consumption that leads to their production.  The simplest law of Economics states that “If the demand increases the supply increases”. Who is this demander ? Why is the whole market centered towards fulfilling the requirements of this one individual? The answer to all these questions is very simple.

Our Economy, of finance and of course the GDP is directly or indirectly controlled by the consumer. We have been studying since a long time that consumer is just a minor part of the whole circle and that right now I sound very anti- economic but the fact according to me is that all the changes, modification, advancement and everything that happens in the economic is somehow led by this group of individuals who form the pillars of the grand structure we call “National Economy”.

That certainly was some food for thought, wasn’t it? Anyway after tickling your brain cells I would like to draw your attention to something that we all know by the name of “Pure Competition” or “Perfect Competition”. For all those “Economically Backward” (PUN intended) people including me, you can take a sigh of relief as there will be no use of Jargons or any strong economic terms that leads you to depression.  Have you heard tag lines like “Sab se sasta”, “We serve the best”etc ?  These are taglines of some of the most well to do firms in today’s market. What is it that made their idea work brilliantly well? Is it that they are the only ones selling these goods, certainly NO.? The success story of major retail brands in India is intensive research, concentrating on the target audience and most importantly recognizing the subject and efficiently working on it.

These firms still face tough competition from other retail houses but they have discovered the key that opens the lock to “Perfect Competition”.  What is this “Perfect Competition”? It can simply quoted that “Perfect Competition” is a market where many sellers sell the same uniform good at a uniform price using all the fair means to maximize his profit . I was recently travelling by the Pune Public Transport to go to Mumbai and was astonished to see the many options available to me in the Bus service itself. It is great business you know but, tomorrow if I want to open my own travels, start my new business will I be able to do so? No, it is very difficult to build yourself in a market like this. So the first condition does not match the characteristics of “Perfect Competition”. If we see carefully all the buses are not the same, some of them are AC buses, some non AC that is regular and some that are below regular. Thus there is no uniformity in the goods provided, which brings down another condition that does not match “Perfect Competition”.  In certain cases the Government supervises the fares set by the bus unions; this kind of intervention by the Government unbalances constituents of “Perfect Competition”. “Perfect Competition” in this sector is not applicable for all the obvious reasons and accordingly is well justified.

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In a futures contract a trader makes a promise or accepts/ agrees to deliver a commodity or financial asset in the future on a date under certain conditions for a particular price. A futures contract is an agreement for future exchange to purchase/ sell commodities/financial instruments between two parties. Long and short are two important terminologies. The sender or the one who delivers the commodity is in a short position where as the trader on the receiving end is in a long position. Whilst studying “Futures Contract” one must know the following key words and their meanings spot price (today’s price), futures price and volume (number of contracts traded). Although the date and price of a futures contract is set it is unpredictable when compared to forward contract. A futures contract gives the holder the obligation to buy and sell. Future contracts are open to general public as they are traded on future exchanges.

There are various kinds of futures contracts according to commodities, securities, intangible (rates and indexes) and currencies. The different kinds are as follows:

v Energies- natural gas, oil, ethanol etc

v Indices- multiple stock indices of different countries

v Metals- gold, silver, copper etc

v Exotics- frost, snowfall, hurricane etc

v Ag commodities- wheat, corn, rice, coffee, milk, sugar etc

v Financials- interest rates mostly dollar and euro

v Currencies- euro, pound, yen, rupees etc

What is a HEDGER?

Hedgers are commercial producers/consumers of assets who participate in the futures market and take steps to reduce the risk of an investment by making an offsetting investment so as to reduce the risks of losses from fluctuating prices Hedger takes an offset position  in order to balance gains and losses to the  assets thus eliminating the volatility associated with the price of the asset hedge can be constructed from many types of financial instruments, including stocks, exchange-traded funds, insurance, contracts, swaps, options, many types of over-the-counter and derivative products, and contracts hedger provides a counterbalance which reduces/cancels the risk in another investment. Hedgers are interested in protecting themselves against price changes which will reduce their profit Hedging is buying or selling futures contracts as a temporary substitute for buying or selling the commodity at a later date in the cash market. Hedgers do face risks but they reduce it by taking an opposite position in the market to what they are trying to hedge. Hedgers would ideally want to cause one effect to cancel out other hedgers. Hedgers try to reduce the risks associated with uncertainty. Hedging is using futures as a means of limiting the risks that arise from large fluctuating prices. Hedger is a form of insurance against adverse price movements. Hedging is about preserving and promoting wealth by reducing exposure to financial and commodity price movements, catastrophes, variable operating costs and income. The hedger plans to buy/sell a commodity and buys/sell a futures contract to lock in a price and protect against rising/falling prices. Hedger is a producer/user of commodity or a financial product underlying a particular contract. A hedger’s goal is to protect his profit and limit his expense.

What is a SPECULATOR?

Speculators are anticipators of price change in the future markets who are actively involved in  and selling contracts readily sacrificing the safety of principal and taking large risks with the intention of earning large profits. Speculators analyze the market and forecast futures price fluctuations by studying the external events that affect price movements. Speculator takes advantage by buying futures contracts. Assuming the price variability risk they provide the depth and volume of trading which allows hedgers to enter/quit the market. Speculators give liquidity to a market and opportunities for continuous trading. Speculator influences a commodity’s price in futures contract. Speculators bet on the price change potential to gain higher profits. Speculators perform a very important risk bearing role of benefiting the society. Speculators can increase production through their willingness to take on risk. Speculation is the practice of engaging in risky financial transactions in an attempt to profit from short or medium term fluctuations in the market value of a tradable rather than attempting to profit from the underlying financial attributes embodied in the instrument such as capital gains, interest, or dividends. Speculators need flexibility of high volume and open positions. Speculators deal with changes in the expected price levels over time, and they don’t own/use the cash commodity. Speculators don’t prefer to make/accept deliveries of the actual commodities. Speculators take large risks with respect to anticipating future price movements. Speculators often use technical analysis and other tools to make investment decisions . Speculators are controversial because some believe that they contribute to the creation of bubbles.

What is an Arbitrage?

Arbitrage is a trader who buys the same commodities/securities from one market and sells them to another one thus attempting to profit from price inefficiencies in the market and capturing risk-free profits. It is mathematically defined as:

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Arbitrage considered as a risk less profit for the investor/trader Arbitrage takes advantage of a price difference between different markets but also keeps the prices in various markets stable Arbitrageurs provide liquidity in futures market by ensuring the convergence of cash and futures prices towards the expiry date of the contract. Although arbitrage is risk-free; there are always risks in arbitrage, some minor, some major. The transactions must occur simultaneously to avoid exposure to market risk; change of prices on one market before both transactions are complete. The statistical arbitrage that an arbitrageur might be involved in includes merger, liquidation and/or pairs trading. Arbitrageurs need to be quick in order to take up the position before competing arbitrageurs. Arbitrageurs need to control enough capital to make the position meaningful so that the market notices and corrects the problem. Arbitrageurs make the market more efficient by taking up many arbitrage positions. Arbitrage involves no negative cash. It is a risk-free profit after transaction costs it is present when there is the opportunity to instantaneously buy low and sell high.

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“Gross Domestic Product” is nothing but the monetary value of all the officially recognized finished goods and services produced within a country in a year or a specific time period.
It includes all of private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports less imports that occur within a defined territory.
“Gross Domestic Product” is not to be mistaken for “Gross National Income”

Gross Domestic Product can be bifurcated into Real GDP and Nominal GDP. The difference between Nominal GDP and Real GDP is used to measure inflation in a statistic called The GDP Deflator.

India had anticipated a GDP growth of 5.7% in 2015, which clearly makes it a host destination investors and business seeking industrialist of the world. The medium of “Communication Technology” has been used to develop a country’s socio-economic situation. “Communication Technology” has proved to be indeed a vital tools to smoothen to process to International Development and Human Rights awareness. Through this medium one seeks to understand the problems faced by the community, educational standards and basic infrastructure to support strategic occupations.

What does it indicate?

• GDP per capita is an indicator of a country’s material standard of living.
• Gross domestic product attempts to pinpoint the country’s economic health in just one number and when a country is health unemployment is low and wages increase.

What does it represent?

• Apart from representing the economic health of the country it also presents a sum of a country’s production which consists of all purchases of goods and services produced by a country and services used by individuals, firms, foreigners and the governing bodies.

GDP Calculation

• The GDP of a country can be calculated in the below mentioned rates
  • Expenditure approach,
  • Income approach
  • Value-added approach

Importance of GDP

• Gross Domestic Production carries a lot of significance as it gives an overall picture of the economic state of the nation
• GDP enables policymakers and central banks to judge:
  • The economy contraction/expansion
  • Need of a boost/restraint
  • Threat of recession/ inflation
  • “Gross Domestic Product” helps policymakers, economists and businessmen to analyze the monetary and fiscal policy, economic shocks, tax and spending plans
    • Investors look at the GDP growth rate to see if the economy is changing rapidly so they can adjust their asset allocation. In addition, investors compare country GDP growth rates to decide where the best opportunities are.
    • GDP report helps us to understand which sectors of the economy are growing and which are declining.

India’s GDP trend

• GDP at factor cost at current prices in the year 2013-14 is estimated at `104.73 lakh crore, showing a growth rate of 11.5 percent over the First Revised Estimates of GDP for the year 2012-13 of ` 93.89 lakh crore, released on 31th January 2014.
• India’s GDP when calculated in 2012 came to 1.842 trillion USD

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Communication Technology for development takes into consideration these problems and strives to solve the same with the medium of research, workshops, publications, correspondence and improving the telecommunication and medical infrastructure. If viewed from a micro perspective “Communication Technology” has been fruitful for development with following parameters:

• Transformation –   A general perceived idea to change to current socio-economic condition and replace it with a better and effective one.
• Connectivity – To solve the problems one needs to first know them, thus it is very important to know the audience one is serving to, this can be achieved by maintaining a robust communication system through easy connectivity with the masses.
• Innovation – Since the old ideas did not prove effective and a need for change is expected, the system must be able to come up with new, innovative methods of implementing its plans.

There have been various instances where “Communication Technology” has helped develop business opportunities in an economy. We will discuss 3 ways it has helped serve the cause with detailed examples; these cases have proven to be effective and fruitful.

Strengthening Ties with Foreign Nations

No nation can be self-sufficient, this is one of the reasons of world organizations such as “World Trade Organization” and “United Nations” has been established. Through healthy relations with not only the neighboring countries but also countries from different continent, one promises global support ad recognition. India has maintained friendly relations with most of the countries and thus Indians have permission to travel to 50 countries without visas. In the current days the celebrated Indian Prime Minister has been retouching on those world relationships and ensuring support to business opportunities back home.

Mr. Narendra Modi has been touring and meeting international leaders since he has been sworn as the Prime Minister. Mr. Modi first visited the neighboring country of Bhutan was has a loyal partner, Mr. Modi discussed help which India would provide Bhutan such as building digital libraries and mainly in establishing  the Supreme Court of Bhutan. Mr. Modi’s next visit was to Nepal where he discussed trade opportunities with the Nepali Leader. In his Japan visit Mr. Modi focused on the issue of “Special Strategic Global Partnership”.

In the short visit to Germany his discussions were more or less the same. Mr. Modi’s greatly received trip to the United States was covered in World Media. Mr. Modi met his American counterpart Mr. Obama at the White House, Washington DC and the 2 leaders discussed trade treaties, Visa problems. Mr. Modi addressed a crowd of 20,000people at Madison Square Garden and the 69^th UN General Assembly. All these world tours will positively boost business opportunities in India and countries will view India was a potential investment

FDI in India

After Gathering quite some headlines the FDI Bill was finally passed by the Indian Parliament in 2013. FDI in the simplest terms means ownership of a company from a particular country in another country. FDI can be braoidly divied in 3 tpyes:

• Horizontal FDI
• Platform FDI
• Vertical FDI

In India FDI was introduced in 1991, by former Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. The “Reserve Bank of India” has eased rules for foreign companies in India. Every Company must register under “Companies Act 1956”. Indian Government has allowed FDI in the following sectors:

• Atomic Energy
• Lottery Business
• Gambling and Betting
• Chit Fund Business
• Agriculture
• Real Estate

To boost investment in the economy the Indian Government has implemented the following schemes

• Easy transfer of shares
• NRI Investments Schemes (Government Securities/Treasury Bills)
• Allowance to purchase/ transfer (Indian Depository Receipts)
• Relaxation of Rules and Regulations on Taxation

“Make in India” campaign of Prime Minister Narendra Modi is an initiative on the part of the government to boost investment in India, increase production and promote trade, Mr. Modi calls FDI as “First Develop India”. This has helped India get financial support from China for upgrade “India Railways”. China has agreed to help India to improve its infrastructure, manufacturing, IT and pharmaceuticals. Through FDI India has received a financial support of $55 billion from Japan and China.

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What are Context Clues?

 “CONTEXT CLUES” are hints found within a sentence, paragraph, or passage that a reader can use to understand the meaning of new or unfamiliar words.

As the word ‘context’ suggests, the meaning of a new word is understood by the context in which it is used in a given sentence.

There are several types of context clues. Given its number on the important ones have been listed below. There are 9 main ones which have been listed below:

1. 1.     DEFINITION CLUES:

• When a new word is formally defined or it is explained in a sentence (or even two), it is called a definition/explanation clue.
• Example: “The arbitrator, the neutral person chosen to settle the dispute, arrived at her decision.”
• Here, it is understood that an ‘arbitrator’ is a person who plays the role of a mediator.

1. 2.     EXAMPLE CLUES:

• Sometimes when a reader finds a new word, an example might be found nearby that helps to explain its meaning.
• Example: “Celestial bodies, including the sun, moon, and stars, have fascinated man through the centuries.”
• ‘Celestial’ objects are those in the sky or heavens.

1. 3.     SYNONYM or RESTATEMENT CLUES:

• Other words with similar meanings with the new word are used in the sentence. The following example is self-explanatory.
• Example: “The slender woman was so thin that her clothes were too big on her.”

1. 4.     ANTONYM or CONTRAST CLUES:

• A word is clarified by the presentation of another word that holds an opposite meaning, offering a contrast.
• Example: “While Melissa is clumsy and awkward, her sister is quite is elegant.”
• Here, it is understood that ‘elegant’ is the opposite of ‘clumsy and awkward’. Therefore, it means close to classy and graceful.

1. 5.     MOOD or TONE CLUES:

• The author sets a mood, an emotion, and the meaning of the unknown word must harmonize with the mood.
• Example: “The lugubrious wails of the gypsies matched the dreary whistling of the wind in the all-but-deserted cemetery.”
• ‘Lugubrious’ which means ‘sorrowful’ fits into the mood set by the words ‘wails’, ‘dreary’ and ‘deserted cemetery’.

1. 6.     ANALYSIS or STRUCTURE CLUES:

• The part of a word can be a direct clue to its meaning. Having knowledge of root words, prefixes and suffixes is very helpful in this case.
• Example: “The story is incredible.”
• The root ‘cred’ means ‘to believe’ and the prefix ‘in’ means ‘not’. Therefore, if a story is ‘incredible’, it is ‘unbelievable’.

1. INFERENCE CLUES:

• Word meanings have to be inferred from the context of the given sentence.
• Example: “I’m through with blind dates forever. What a dull evening! I was bored every minute. The conversation was vapid.”
• Here, ‘vapid’ means ‘uninteresting’.

1. CAUSE AND EFFECT CLUES:

• The author explains the reason for or the result of the word.
• Example: “She wanted to impress all her dinner guests with the food she served, so she carefully studied the necessary culinary arts.”
• Here, ‘culinary’ means ‘having to do with food’.

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