Every body is astonished to see the people young at the age  group of 40-50. In today’s society every one wants to look young and attractive.  Old age has become a social problem in our time but the actor Salman, Sharukh and  Aamir Khan is an example of  young at the age  group of 40-50.

Every one has a desire  to stay young and enjoy the life as much as he can. No matter what lengths we go to, to stay young, there will always be that fear in the back of our minds of getting old. Because of this we often look at aging as a negative perception. We fear the mental and physical decline. The thought of not remembering our past or even friends and families is scary, what is there to like about forget all the wonderful memories that took us so long to accumulate. And then there’s the fear of physical decline, knowing that we risk the chance of not being as youthful as we would like to be.

Missing out on all the fun of playing with the grandchildren, taking long walks at night or even those bike rides that we once enjoyed. The thought loneliness, being unwanted, or becoming a burden and dependent upon our friends and family members is another reason we fear getting old. It seems like when we get older our friends tend to diminish and our interests seem to clash with the younger generation, so they stop coming around as much. Then there’s the thought of having to rely on other people to help us in our daily activities. The last thing we want is for someone to have to take care of us, and loosing our independence. No more being able to jump in the car and go to the store or friends houses. Finally there’s the thought of disease and death, which people state are their biggest fears or old age. Who wants to think about all the health problems we will have to look forward to and all the doctors’ visits and pills that accompany these problems.

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Delhi is the capital of India and it is also not free from the problems cause to general people. There are lot of problems but a few of  them are as follows:

Population & Lack of basic amenities

It is another big problem. As is the capital of Delhi, people comes here from other part of  India for eduction, employment and at last become the resident of Delhi. Some live with their relative and other  have to search for rented accommodation. Rents are increasing day by day. Those who  have  not source of income or do small activities for living have to live in Jhuggi or Jhopri . In some ares of Delhi , there are   no proper ventilation, no source of light either, Lack of water & frequent cut of power mainly in summer.

Rising level of Pollution

Air pollution, water pollution , land pollution and the noise pollutions are rising at alarming rate. This is due to various manufacturing activities, transportation of goods, public and private vehicles, and pouring of wastage in the river.he problem of migration.

Traveling

Traveling from one place to other place in Delhi is very difficult due to traffic jam problem in the various parts of Delhi. There is also shortage of public transport in Delhi due to this the available transports becomes overcrowded. There are very chance of  pick-pocketing during traveling and the people loss their money and other important documents contained in the purse.

Insecurity

There is also  of problem of security in few places of Delhi . Bad elements have no fear of Law and Police. That is why various criminal activities are happening daily day and night. Chain snatching, rape , woman harassment, forgery, road rage  &  murder are taking place in spite of  many measures taking by law and police  in Delhi.

Lack of  Co-operation

Delhi is now becoming a market and the people are keeping them self  away from the society. Social organizations are turning into political organizations.

The Delhi  city in which we are living is becoming a place where we are not coming forward to help the other person, “Turkman Gate Case “is the example. It is the capital of India. Every person in the city just not want to take risk in helping the needy in the road rage. People knows the various illegal activities but have no dare to come forward because they want stress free life.

It seems that “General people are  like a deer and the Bad elements of the societies are like a tiger.” However the police personal are doing their best in full filling their duty at the various risk associated with their duties. They can not protect each and every person due to their  limitations of power and authority.

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If one wants to make career as a nurse  in the  government and private hospitals  can take admission in the Diploma  Course in  ANM  Training   for two years from 2015 -2017  at Rural Health Training Centre , Najafgarh, and Lady Reading Health School,Bara Hindu Rao. Forms are available at www.delhinursingcouncil.com . The application should be sent to the Director, Rural Health Training Centre,Najafgarh,New Delhi-110043.

Important Information’s–

• Bank Draft Rs 150 for Gen/OBC/PH  (Rs  100 for SC/ST) in favour of  “Director, RHTC, Najafgarh” payable at Delhi.
• The list of selected candidates will be displayed on 20.05.2015.
• 40 seats in  Rural Health Training Centre , Najafgarh, and 40 seats in Lady Reading Health School, Bara Hindu Rao.
• The Entrance Test will be of multiple choice/descriptive in Science & languages of 12th level.
• The candidates are required to bring their pen and hard board on the date of entrance exam.
• Security deposit Rs 5000 ( Refundable) at the time of admission.

Last date to apply

• 24 April 2015

The application should be sent to

The Director, Rural Health Training Centre,Najafgarh,New Delhi-110043.

Eligibility

• Only female candidates, resident of Delhi only.
• Passed 12th Examination from CBSE / recognized board with 50% marks (45% marks  for SC/ST and PH candidates). Students appeared in 12th examination can also apply for the written test for admission.
• Minimum Age as on 31-12-2015 is  17 Years and Maximum is 25 Years.  But for SC/ST and PH candidates the upper age limit as per government rules.The seats are reserved for SC/ST/PH  Candidates as per the prevailing  govt.rules.
• Admission will be on merit basis on written test.

Documentations

• Photo Copies of 10th &  10+2 mark sheet.Character Certificate issued by the Head of Institution.
• Self attested copies of Caste certificate in case of SC/ST candidates & PH certificates.
• Proof of continuous residing in Delhi for the last 5 Years from 2010 onwards to be enclosed.

Written Test & Start of  Diploma  Course in ANM Training

On 17 May 2015 From 10 AM To 12 PM. At  ANM Training School at Rural Health Training Centre, Najafgarh, New Delhi-110 043. Start of  Diploma  Course in ANM Training from 01 August 2015.

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A Government Budget is an annual financial statement showing item wise estimates of expected revenue and anticipated expenditure of the government during a fiscal year i.e 1st  April 20** to 31st March 20**.

Features of the Government Budget

• It is related  to a fixed period of time, generally one year.
• It is a statement of the future estimation of  government receipts and expenditures.
• Expenditure is approved in accordance with the objectives.
• It is duly approved by the parliament.

Government Receipts &  Government Expenditures

• Revenue Receipts: These are basically  two types of  Tax receipts & Non-Tax receipts. Tax receipts includes income tax, corporation tax,estate duty, gift tax, custom duty, sales tax, VAT etc. Non-Tax receipts includes fees, license and permits, es cheat, special assessment, fines and penalties, income from public enterprises, gifts and grants etc.
• Capital Receipts: These are basically of  two types, public debt and Deficit Financing. Public debt refers to the debt incurred by the government on behalf of the society as  a whole. Deficit financing may be interpreted to mean financing the deficit in government budget. For deficit financing government borrow from RBI based on issue of new currency.

• Revenue Expenditure: It is the expenditure incurred by the government on the goods and services meant for collective consumption. This expenditure is met out of the tax and non-tax receipts of the government. These are recurring or repetitive in nature and short period expenditure.
• Capital Expenditure: It is related to long term planning and construction activities of the government.  These are met out capital receipts of the government including government loans, savings and capital transfers from rest of the world.

Types of the  Government Budget

• Revenue Budget: It is that budget which shows revenue receipts and revenue expenditure of the government.
• Capital Budget: It is that budget which shows detailed estimates of the receipts of the government through loans and its long period capital expenditure.
• Balanced Budget: The government Budget is that budget which government receipts are equal to government expenditure.
• Deficit Budget: This is a budget in which government expenditures are greater than government receipts.
• Surplus Budget: This is a budget in which government receipts are greater than government receipts.

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Solvency ratio indicates the degree of creditors’ funds in relation to owner’s equity. The debt component requires fixed interest payments and repayment of the loan. A relatively high proportion of funds contributed by the owners indicates a surplus which shields creditors against possible losses from default in payment. Financial leverage will be the advantage to the equity shareholders if the rate of earnings on capital employed is greater than the rate payable on borrowed funds.

Debt Equity Ratio=Total Liabilities / Total Equity

This ratio measures the portion of  fund of  suppliers, lenders &  creditors  in relation to the shareholders fund.  This ratio indicates the extent to which debt is covered by shareholders’ funds. A lower ratio is always safer than the higher. Low ratio reflects an in-efficient use of equity &  high ratio reflects  the more use of debt than  equity.

Interest Coverage Ratio=Earning Before interest & Tax / Interest on Long Term Funds

This ratio measures the number of times a company can cover its fixed  interest expenses on its long term funds. The lower  ratio indicate that  the company is burdened  due to debt. A company should  maintain interest coverage ratio  1.5 or more.

Proprietor Ratio= Share Holders Fund/ Total Assets

This ratio find the share of shareholders in the total assets. Share holders fund includes equity share capital, preference share capital, general reserve, profit & loss. Total assets includes all non-current assets and current assets.

Assets Turnover Ratio= Net Sales/Total Assets

This ratio gives us the information of net sales in relation of total assets. Net sales means all cash & Credit sale less return inward.

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Liquidity refers to the ability of a firm to meet its short term liabilities. The liquidity ratio is to measure the ability of the firms to meet their short-term maturing obligations. The greater the coverage of current assets to short-term liabilities shows  a clear signal that a company can pay its debts that are falling due in the coming near future and  ability to  fund its current operations. A low coverage rate  raises a red flag for investors  and they  may think that the company will have difficulty in  meeting the  running  operations and its obligations. Current Ratio & Liquid Ratio are the part of  the Liquidity Ratio.

Current Ratio= Current Assets/Current Liabilities

Current assets includes cash, Bank, Stock, Debtors, Bills Receivables, Short Term Investment, Prepaid expenses, Short Term loan & Advances given , Marketable Securities, Accrued Income etc. Whereas Current liabilities includes Sundry Creditors, Bills payable,  Outstanding expenses, Short term provision, Dividend payable , Provision for taxation,  provision for doubtful debts, Advance receipts, current maturities of long term debt etc.

Current Ratio indicates the number of times that the short term assets can cover the short term debts.  Higher the ratio, the better it is, however but too high ratio reflects an in-efficient use of resources & too low ratio leads to insolvency. The ideal ratio is considered to be 2:1.

Quick ratio= Liquid Asset/Current Liabilities

Liquid assets = Current Assets – Prepaid Expenses – Inventories (Stock)

Acid test ratio is its another name. Indicates the ability to meet short term payments using the most liquid assets. This ratio is more conservative than the current ratio because it excludes inventory and prepaid expenses.The ideal ratio is  considered 1:1.

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Reserve is created to meet an unknown liability. It is an appropriation of profit. It may be invested outside the business. Reserve is divided into Revenue Reserve &  Capital Reserve. Further Revenue  Reserve is divided into  General & Specific Reserve.

How are Revenue & Capital reserve different?

REVENUE RESERVE- It is created out of business profit which have been earned during the  day-to day business operations. It represents undistributed profits and it can be used for distribution of dividends without any precondition.

GENERAL RESERVE– A businessmen do not withdraw the entire profits from the business but retain a part of it in the business to meet unforeseen future uncertainties. Profits so retained in the business for the future are known as General Reserve. Similarly, companies also do not distribute the entire profit as dividend but keep aside a part of it in the form of general reserve. Such reserves are termed as Contingency Reserves or Free Reserves because these are not  created for any specific purpose and can be freely used for any purpose.

SPECIFIC RESERVE– It is created for a specific purpose and can be utilized only for that specific purpose. Dividend equalization reserve, Workmen compensation fund, Investment Fluctuation fund, Reserve for replacement of asset, Debenture redemption reserve & Capital Redemption Reserve are the example of specific reserve.

CAPITAL RESERVE– Capital profits are also earned along with the normal business profits   from many  other sources of the business. The reserve created out of such capital profit are known as capital reserve. Generally, Such reserves  are not available for distribution as dividend among the shareholders of a company. Profit on sale of fixed assets, profit on revaluation of fixed assets and liabilities, Securities Premium received on issue of share or debentures, Profit on acquisition of business, Profit prior to incorporation of a company, Profit from the reissue of forfeited shares, Profit on redemption of debentures are the example of capital reserve.

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It is the  amount that cannot be determined with exact accuracy. It is created to meet a known liability. It is debited to P & L A/c and invested outside the business. Provision for doubtful debts, Provision for depreciation, Provision for repairs, Provision for taxation, Provision for the replacement of an asset etc. are the examples.

When goods  are sold on credit then it is called a credit sale & to whom the credit sales are made called Debtors or Receivables . Good Debtors are those debtors who will certainly pay the amount of credit  to the company or the firm. Bad debts are the amount that a firm or company could not get from its debtors.

Doubtful debts are those debtors from whom a company or firm might not receive money. it is a common practice  of a company or a firm to make a suitable provision for doubtful debts at the time of ascertaining true profit or loss to take into account this possible loss of  non payment by some debtors.

For doubtful debts. It is usually calculated as a certain percentage of the total amount due from sundry debtors after deducting or writing off all known bad debts.

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Partnership is an association of two or more persons, the Partnership is established by an agreement either oral or in writing,  A Partnership formed for the purpose of carrying a business, it must be a legal business, Profit of the firm is share by the partners in an agreed ration, if the ratio is not agreed then equally. Profit also includes loss.

As per the Indian partnership Act, 1932, Partnership is the relation between persons and who have agreed to share the profits of a business carried on by all or any of them acting for all.The maximum number of Partners in a firm carrying an banking business should not exceed ten and  in any other business it should not exceed twenty.

Partnership Deed is a document which contains the terms and conditions of Partnership agreement either oral or written. Rules applicable in the absence of Partnership Deed that Profit sharing ratio will be equal, No Interest on Capital will be given and no interest on Drawings will be charged, No Remuneration or Salary will be paid  to the partners, Interest on Loan advanced by the partner @6% p.a will be given.

After the preparation of Profit and Loss account, entries pertaining to Interest on Capital, Drawings , Salaries among the partners are shown separately in a newly opened Profit and Loss Appropriation Account. Capital accounts of the partners are maintained either fixed capital basis or fluctuating capital basis. When the Capitals are fixed, the Current account of the partners will be maintained.

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The balance of payment is a systematic record of all economic transactions of the residents of a country with other countries during a given period of time. There is a difference between  Balance of trade (BOT) & Balance of Payments (BOP). BOP is the difference in the values of imports and exports of commodities only. Movement of goods between the two countries is known as the visible trade because the movement is open and can be verified by the customs officials. It may be of three types:

When during a period of time the values of export and imports of commodities of a country are equal, the balance of trade is said to be in balance of trade. A favorable balance of trade is said to occur when the value of export exceeds the value of imports during a period of time.  An adverse or unfavorable balance of trade is said to occur when the value of imports of a country exceeds the value of exports during a period of time.

The balance of payment has two account namely Current account & Capital account. BOP on current account is a more comprehensive in scope than the balance of trade. It includes not only imports and exports of goods which are visible items but also invisible items such as services of shipping, banking, insurance, tourism interest on foreign debt. There are three components of the balance of payments on current account; Visible items ( Export and import of goods) ,Invisible items which includes non factor services such as travel, transportations, insurance, banking, interest on loans given, private transfers such as remittances from abroad & Unilateral Transfers such as Financial help to earthquake victims.

BOP records transactions of capital nature, It records transactions relating to both goods and services, It is a wider concept because it includes the balance of trade, balance of services, balance of unilateral  transfers and balance of capital transactions, it always remains in balance in accounting sense because receipts side is always made to be equal to payment side.

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